<h3><SPAN name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></SPAN>CHAPTER II</h3>
<h4>THE MOUNDS OF ALI</h4>
<p>And now behold us excavators on the way to the scene of
our labours. Six camels conveyed our tents, a seventh
carried goat-skins full of water. Four asses groaned under
our personal effects; hens for consumption rode in a sort of
lobster-pot by the side of clattering pickaxes and chairs; six
policemen, or <i>peons</i>, were in our train, each on a donkey.
One carried a paraffin lamp, another a basket of eggs on the
palm of his hand, and as there were no reins and no stirrups,
the wonder is that these articles ever survived. As for ourselves,
we, like everybody else, rode sideways, holding on like
grim death before and behind, especially when the frisky
Bahrein donkeys galloped at steeplechase pace across the
desert.</p>
<p>For some distance around Manamah all is arid desert, on
which grow a few scrubby plants, which women cut for
fodder with sickle-like saws, and carry home in large bundles
on their backs. Sheikh Esau's summer palace is in the
centre of this desert—a fortress hardly distinguishable from
the sand around, and consisting, like Eastern structures of
this nature, of nothing but one room over the gateway for
his majesty, and a vast courtyard 200 feet long, where his
attendants erect their bamboo huts and tents. Around the
whole runs a wall with bastions at each corner, very
formidable to look upon. Passing this, the palm-groves,
which are exceedingly fine, are soon reached, and offer<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/17.png">17</SPAN>]</span>
delicious shade from the burning sun. Here amongst the
trees were women working in picturesque attire, red petticoats,
orange-coloured drawers down to their heels, and a
dark blue covering over all this, which would suddenly be
pulled over the face at our approach, if they had not on
their masks, or <i>buttras</i>, which admit of a good stare.</p>
<p>The <i>buttra</i> is a kind of mask, more resembling a
bridle than anything else. In shape it is like two diamond-frames
made of gold and coloured braids, fastened
together by two of their lower edges. This middle strip
comes down the nose and covers the mouth, and the sides
come between the ears and eyes. It affords very little concealment,
but is very becoming to most of its wearers,
particularly if they happen to be negresses. On their heads
would be baskets with dates or citrons, and now and again
a particularly modest one would dart behind a palm-tree
until that dangerous animal man had gone by.</p>
<p>About half way to the scene of our labours we halted by
the ruins of the old Arab town, Beled-al-Kadim.</p>
<p>This ancient capital, dating from a period prior to the
Portuguese occupation, still presents some interesting ruins.
The old mosque (Madresseh-i-abu-Zeidan), with its two
slender and elegant minarets, so different from the horrible
Wahabi constructions of to-day, forms a conspicuous landmark
for ships approaching the low-lying coasts of these
islands. Around the body of the mosque runs a fine inscription
in Kufic letters, and from the fact that the name of Ali
is joined with that of the Prophet in the profession of faith,
we may argue that this mosque was built during some
Persian occupation, and was a Shiite mosque. The architecture,
too, is distinctly Persian, recalling to us in its
details the ruins of Rhey (the Rhages of Tobit) and of
Sultanieh, which we saw in the north of Persia, and has
nothing Arabian about it.<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/18.png">18</SPAN>]</span></p>
<p>Ruins of houses and buildings surround this mosque, and
here in the open space in the centre of the palm-groves the
Bahreini assemble every Thursday for a market; in fact the
place is generally known now as Suk-el-Khamis, or Thursday's
Market.</p>
<p>On our journey out not a soul was near, but on our
return we had an opportunity of attending one of these
gatherings.</p>
<p>Sheikh Esau has here a tiny mosque, just an open
<i>loggia</i>, where he goes every morning in summer-time to pray
and take his coffee. Beneath it he has a bath of fresh but
not over-clean water, where he and his family bathe. Often
during the summer heats he spends the whole day here, or
else he goes to his glorious garden about a mile distant, near
the coast, where acacias, hibiscus, and almonds fight with
one another for the mastery, and form a delicious tangle.</p>
<p>Another mile on, closer to the sea, is the fine ruined
fortress of the Portuguese, Gibliah, as the natives call it
now, just as they do one of the fortresses at Maskat. It
covers nearly two acres of ground, and is built out of the
remains of the old Persian town, for many Kufic inscriptions
are let into the wall, and the deep well in the centre is lined
with them. It is a regular bastioned fortification of the
sixteenth century, with moat, embrasures in the parapets,
and casemented embrasures in the re-entering angles of the
bastions, and is one of the finest specimens of Portuguese
architecture in the Gulf, an evidence of the importance
which they attached to this island.</p>
<p>Amongst the rubbish in the fort we picked up numerous
fragments of fine Nankin and Celadon china, attesting to the
ubiquity and commerce of the former owners, and attesting,
also, to the luxury of the men who ruled here—a luxury as
fatal almost as the Flanders wars to the well-being of the
Portuguese in the East.<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/19.png">19</SPAN>]</span></p>
<p>Our road led us on through miles of palm-groves,
watered by their little artificial conduits, and producing the
staple food of the island. Seid bin Omar talked to us much
about the date. 'Mohammed said,' he began, 'honour the
date-tree, for she is your mother,' a true enough maxim in
parched Arabia, where nothing else will grow. When ripe
the dates are put into a round tank, called the <i>madibash</i>,
where they are exposed to the sun and air, and throw off
excessive juice which collects below; after three days of
this treatment they are removed and packed for exportation
in baskets of palm leaves. The Bahreini, for their own
consumption, love to add sesame seeds to their dates, or
ginger powder and walnuts pressed with them into jars.
These are called <i>sirah</i>, and are originally prepared by being
dried in the sun and protected at night, then diluted date-juice
is poured over them. The fruit which does not reach
maturity is called <i>salang</i>, and is given as food to cattle,
boiled with ground date-stones and fish bones. This makes
an excellent sort of cake for milch cows; this, and the green
dates also, are given to the donkeys, and to this food the
Bahreini attribute their great superiority. The very poor
also make an exceedingly unpalatable dish out of green
dates mixed with fish for their own table, or, I should say,
floor.</p>
<p>Nature here is not strong enough for the fructification
of the palm, so at given seasons the pollen is removed by
cutting off the male spathes; these they dry for twenty
hours, and then they take the flower twigs and deposit one
or two in each bunch of the female blossom. Just as we
were there they were very busy with the spathes, and in
Thursday's Market huge baskets of the male spathes were
exposed for sale. The palm-groves are surrounded by dykes
to keep the water in.</p>
<p>The date-tree is everything to a Bahreini. He beats<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/20.png">20</SPAN>]</span>
the green spadix with wooden implements to make fibre for
his ropes; in the dry state he uses it as fuel; he makes his
mats, the only known form of carpet and bedding here, out
of it; his baskets are made of the leaves. From the fresh
spathe, by distillation, a certain stuff called <i>tara</i> water is
obtained, of strong but agreeable smell, which is much used
for the making of sherbet. Much legendary lore is connected
with the date. The small round hole at the back is
said to have been made by Mohammed's teeth, when one day
he foolishly tried to bite one; and in some places the expression
'at the same time a date and a duty,' is explained
by the fact that in Ramazan the day's fast is usually broken
by first eating a date.</p>
<p>Amongst all these date-groves are the curious Arab
wells, with sloping runs, and worked by donkeys. The tall
poles, to which the skins are attached, are date-tree trunks.
Down goes the skin bucket as the donkey comes up a steep
slope in the ground, and then, as he goes down, up it comes
again full of water, to be guided into the channel, which
fertilises the trees, by a slave, who supports himself going
up, and adds his weight to that of the descending donkey,
by putting his arm through a large wooden ring hung at the
donkey's shoulder. Day after day in our camp we heard
the weird creaking from these wells, very early in the
morning and in the evening when the sun had gone down,
and we felt as we heard it what an infinite blessing is a
well of water in a thirsty land.</p>
<p>Leaving the palm-groves and the Portuguese fortress
behind us, we re-entered the desert to the south-west; and,
just beyond the village of Ali, we came upon that which
is the great curiosity of Bahrein, to investigate which
was our real object in visiting the island: for there begins
that vast sea of sepulchral mounds, the great necropolis of
an unknown race which extends far and wide across the<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/21.png">21</SPAN>]</span>
plain. The village of Ali forms as it were the culminating
point; it lies just on the borders of the date-groves, and there
the mounds reach an elevation of over forty feet, but as they
extend further southward they diminish in size, until miles
away, in the direction of Rufa'a, we found mounds elevated
only a few feet above the level of the desert, and some mere
circular heaps of stones. There are many thousands of
these tumuli extending over an area of desert for many
miles. There are isolated groups of mounds in other parts
of the islands, and a few solitary ones are to be found on the
adjacent islets, on Moharek, Arad, and Sitrah.</p>
<p>Complete uncertainty existed as to the origin of these
mounds, and the people who constructed them, but, from
classical references and the result of our own work, there
can now be no doubt that they are of Phœnician origin.
Herodotus<SPAN name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></SPAN><SPAN href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</SPAN> gives us as a tradition current in his time
that the forefathers of the Phœnician race came from these
parts. The Phœnicians themselves believed in it: 'It is
their own account of themselves,' says Herodotus; and
Strabo<SPAN name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></SPAN><SPAN href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</SPAN> brings further testimony to bear on the subject,
stating that two of the islands now called Bahrein
were called Tyros and Arados. Pliny follows in Strabo's
steps, but calls the island Tylos instead of Tyros, which
may be only an error in spelling, or may be owing to the
universal confusion of <i>r</i> with <i>l</i>.</p>
<p>Ptolemy in his map places Gerrha, the mart of ancient
Indian trade and the starting-point for caravans on the
great road across Arabia, on the coast just opposite the
islands, near where the town of El Katif now is, and accepts
Strabo's and Pliny's names for the Bahrein Islands, calling
them Tharros, Tylos or Tyros, and Arados. The fact is that
all our information on the islands prior to the Portuguese
occupation comes from the Periplus of Nearchus. Eratos<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/22.png">22</SPAN>]</span>thenes,
a naval officer of Alexander's, states that the Gulf
was 10,000 stadia long from Cape Armozum, <i>i.e.</i> Hormuz,
to Teredon (Koweit), and the mouth of the Euphrates.
Androsthenes of Thasos, who was of the company of
Nearchus, made an independent geographical survey of the
Gulf on the Arabian side, and his statements are, that on
an island called Ikaros, now Peludji, just off Koweit, he
saw a temple of Apollo. Southwards, at a distance of 2,400
stadia, or 43 nautical leagues, he came on Gerrha, and, close
to it, the islands of Tyros and Arados, 'which have temples
like those of the Phœnicians,' who were (the inhabitants
told him) colonists from these parts. From Nearchus, too,
we learn that the Phœnicians had a town called Sidon or
Sidodona in the Gulf, which he visited, and on an island
called Tyrine was shown the tomb of Erythras, which he
describes as 'an elevated hillock covered with palms,' just
like our mounds, and Erythras was the king who gave his
name to the Gulf. Justin accepts the migration of the
Phœnicians from the Persian Gulf as certain; and M. Renan
says, 'The primitive abode of the Phœnicians must be
placed on the Lower Euphrates, in the centre of the great
commercial and maritime establishments of the Persian
Gulf.'<SPAN name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></SPAN><SPAN href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</SPAN> As for the temples, there are no traces of them
left, and this is also the case in Syrian Phœnicia; doubtless
they were all built of wood, which will account for their disappearance.</p>
<p>As we ourselves, during the course of our excavations,
brought to light objects of distinctly Phœnician origin,
there would appear to be no longer any room for doubt that
the mounds which lay before us were a vast necropolis of
this mercantile race. If so, one of two suppositions must
be correct, either firstly, that the Phœnicians originally
lived here before they migrated to the Mediterranean, and<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/23.png">23</SPAN>]</span>
that this was the land of Punt from which the Puni got
their name, a land of palms like the Syrian coast from which
the race got their distorted Greek appellation of Phœnicians;
or secondly, that these islands were looked upon by them as
a sacred spot for the burial of their dead, as the Hindoo
looks upon the Ganges, and the Persian regards the shrines
of Kerbela and Meshed. I am much more inclined to the
former supposition, judging from the mercantile importance
of the Bahrein Islands and the excellent school they must
have been for a race which was to penetrate to all the then
known corners of the globe—to brave the dangers of the
open Atlantic, and to reach the shores of Britain in their
trading ventures; and if nomenclature goes for anything,
the name of Tyros and the still-existing name of Arad ought
to confirm us in our belief and make certainty more certain.</p>
<p>Our camp was pitched on this desert among the tumuli.
The ground was hard and rough, covered with very sharp
stones; though dry, it sounded hollow, and it seemed as
though there were water under it.</p>
<p>Our own tent occupied a conspicuous and central place;
our servants' tent was hard by, liable to be blown down by
heavy gusts of wind, which event happened the first night
after our arrival, to the infinite discomfiture of the bazaar-master,
who, by the way, had left his grand clothes at home,
and appeared in the desert clad in a loose coffee-coloured
dressing-gown, with a red band round his waist. Around
the tents swarmed turbaned diggers, who looked as if they
had come out in their night-gowns, dressing-gowns, and
bath-sheets. These lodged at night in the bamboo village
of Ali hard by, a place for which we developed the profoundest
contempt, for the women thereof refused to pollute
themselves by washing the clothes of infidels, and our
garments had to be sent all the way to Manamah to be
cleansed. A bamboo structure formed a shelter for the<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/24.png">24</SPAN>]</span>
kitchen, around which, on the sand, lay curious coffee-pots,
bowls, and cooking utensils, which would have been eagerly
sought after for museums in Europe. The camel, which
fetched the daily supply of water from afar, grazed around
on the coarse desert herbage; the large white donkey which
went into the town for marketing by day, and entangled
himself in the tent ropes by night, was also left to
wander at his own sweet will. This desert camp was
evidently considered a very peculiar sight indeed, and no
wonder that for the first week of our residence there, we
were visited by all the inhabitants of Bahrein who could
find time to come so far.</p>
<p>It was very weird to sit in our tent door the first evening
and look at the great mound we were going to dig into next
morning, and think how long it had stood there in the peace
its builders hoped for it. There seemed to be quite a mournful
feeling about disturbing it; but archæologists are a
ruthless body, and this was to be the last night it would ever
stand in its perfect shape. After all, we were full of hope
of finding out the mystery of its origin.</p>
<p>The first attack next morning was most amusing to
behold. My husband headed the party, looking very tall
and slim, with his legs outlined against the sky, as he, with
all the rest, in single file and in fluttering array, wound
first round the mound to look for a good place to ascend,
and then went straight up.</p>
<p>They were all amazed when I appeared and gave orders
to the division under my command.</p>
<p>They looked very questioningly indeed, but, as the
Persians had learnt to respect me, the Bahreini became
quite amenable.</p>
<p class="figcenter"><SPAN href="./images/ill-03.jpg"><ANTIMG src="./images/ill-03_th.jpg" alt="THEODORE BENT RECEIVING VISITORS AT THE MOUNDS, BAHREIN" title="THEODORE BENT RECEIVING VISITORS AT THE MOUNDS, BAHREIN" /></SPAN></p>
<p class="figcenter"><span class="smcap">Theodore Bent Receiving Visitors at The Mounds, Bahrein</span></p>
<p>The dimensions of the mound on which we began our
labours were as follows: 35 feet in height, 76 feet in
diameter, and 152 paces in circumference. We chose this<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/25.png">25</SPAN>]</span>
in preference to the higher mounds, the tops of which were
flattened somewhat and suggested the idea that they had
fallen in. Ours, on the contrary, was quite rounded on the
summit, and gave every hope that in digging through it we
should find whatever was inside in <i>statu quo</i>. At a distance
of several feet from most of the mounds are traces of an
outer encircling wall or bank of earth, similar to walls found
around certain tombs in Lydia, as also round a tumulus at
Tara in Ireland, and this encircling wall was more marked
around some of the smaller and presumably more recent
tombs at the outer edge of the necropolis; in some cases
several mounds would appear to have been clustered
together, and to have had an encircling wall common to
them all.</p>
<p>We dug from the top of our mound for 15 feet, with
great difficulty, through a sort of conglomerate earth, nearly
as hard as cement, before we reached anything definite.
Then suddenly this close earth stopped, and we came across
a layer of large loose stones, entirely free from soil, which
layer covered the immediate top of the tombs for two feet.
Beneath these stones, and immediately on the flat slabs
forming the roof of the tomb, had been placed palm
branches, which in the lapse of ages had become white and
crumbly, and had assumed the flaky appearance of asbestos.
This proved that the palm flourished on Bahrein at the date
of these tombs, and that the inhabitants were accustomed to
make use of it for constructive purposes.</p>
<p>Six very large slabs of rough unhewn limestone, which
had obviously come from Jebel Dukhan, lay on the top of
the tomb, forming a roof. One of these was 6 feet in
length, and 2 feet 2 inches in depth.</p>
<p>The tomb itself was composed of two chambers, one
immediately over the other, and approached by a long
passage, like the dromos of rock-cut Greek tombs, which<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/26.png">26</SPAN>]</span>
was full of earth and small stones. The entrance, as was
that of all the tombs, was towards the sunset. This passage
was 53 feet in length, extending from the outer rim of
the circle to the mouth of the tomb. Around the outer
circle of the mound itself ran a wall of huge stones, evidently
to support the weight of earth necessary to conceal
the tomb, and large unhewn stones closed the entrance to
the two chambers of the tomb at the head of the passage.</p>
<p>We first entered the upper chamber, the floor of which
was covered with gritty earth. It was 30 feet long, and at
the four corners were recesses 2 feet 10 inches in depth,
and the uniform height of this chamber was 4 feet 6
inches. The whole surface of the interior to the depth of
two or three inches above the other <i>débris</i> was covered with
yellow earth composed of the tiny bones of the jerboa, that
rat-like animal which is found in abundance on the shores
of the Persian Gulf. There was no sign of any recent ones
and only a few fragments of skulls to show what this yellow
earth had been. We then proceeded to remove the rubbish
and sift it for what we could find.</p>
<p>The chief objects of interest consisted in innumerable
fragments of ivory, fragments of circular boxes, pendants
with holes for suspension (obviously used as ornaments by
this primitive race), the torso of a small statue in ivory, the
hoof of a bull fixed on to an ivory pedestal, evidently belonging
to a small statue of a bull, the foot of another little
statue, and various fragments of ivory utensils. Many of
these fragments had patterns inscribed on them—rough
patterns of scales, rosettes, encircling chains, and the two
parallel lines common to so many ivory fragments found at
Kameiros, and now in the British Museum. In fact, the
decorations on most of them bear a close and unmistakable
resemblance to ivories found in Phœnician tombs on the
shores of the Mediterranean, and to the ivories in the<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/27.png">27</SPAN>]</span>
British Museum from Nimrud in Assyria, universally
accepted as having been executed by Phœnician artists:
those cunning workers in ivory and wood whom Solomon
employed in the building of his temple, and, before the
spread of Egyptian and Greek art, the travelling artists
of the world. The ivory fragments we found were given
into the hands of Mr. A. S. Murray, of the British Museum,
who wrote to my husband as follows: 'I have not the
least doubt, judging from the incised patterns, from bull's
foot, part of a figure, &c., that the ivories are of Phœnician
workmanship.'</p>
<p>The pottery found in this tomb offered no very distinctive
features, being coarse and unglazed, but the numerous fragments
of ostrich egg-shells, coloured and scratched with
rough patterns in bands, also pointed to a Phœnician origin,
or at least to a race of wide mercantile connection: and in
those days the Phœnicians were the only people likely to
combine in their commerce ostrich egg-shells and ivory. We
also found small shapeless pieces of oxidised metal, brass or
copper. There were no human bones in the upper chamber,
but those of a large animal, presumably a horse.</p>
<p>The chamber immediately beneath was much more
carefully constructed; it was exactly the same length, but
was higher, being 6 feet 7 inches, and the passage was wider.
It was entirely coated with cement of two qualities, the upper
coat being the finest, in which all round the walls at intervals
of two feet were holes sloping inwards and downward. In
similar holes, in one of the other tombs we opened, we found
traces of wood, showing that poles on which to hang drapery
had been inserted. The ground of this lower chamber was
entirely covered with a thin brown earth of a fibrous nature,
in appearance somewhat resembling snuff; it was a foot in
depth, and evidently the remains of the drapery which had
been hung around the walls. Prior to the use of coffins the<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/28.png">28</SPAN>]</span>
Phœnicians draped their dead,<SPAN name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></SPAN><SPAN href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</SPAN> and amongst this substance
we found traces of human bones.</p>
<p>Thus we were able to arrive at the system of sepulture
employed by this unknown race. Evidently their custom
was to place in the upper chamber broken utensils and the
body of an animal belonging to the deceased, and to reserve
the lower chamber for the corpse enshrouded in drapery.
For the use of this upper chamber our parallels are curiously
enough all Phœnician. Perrot gives us an example of two-storied
tombs in the cemetery of Amrit, in Phœnicia,
where also the bodies were embedded in plaster to prevent
decay prior to the introduction of the sarcophagus, reminding
us of the closely cemented lower chambers in our
mounds. A mound containing a tomb with one chamber
over the other was in 1888 observed in Sardinia, and is
given by Della Marmora as of Phœnician origin. Here,
however, the top of the tomb is conical, not flat, as in our
mounds, which would point to a later development of the
double chamber which eventually blossomed forth into
the lofty mausolea of the later Phœnician epoch, and the
grandiose tombs of Hellenic structure.</p>
<p>Also at Carthage, that very same year that we were in
Bahrein, <i>i.e.</i> 1889, excavations brought to light certain
tombs of the early Phœnician settlers which also have the
double chamber. In answer to Perrot's assertion that all
early Phœnician tombs were <i>hypogea</i>, we may say that as
the Bahrein Islands offered no facility for this method of
sepulture, the closely-covered-in mound would be the most
natural substitute.</p>
<p>Before leaving the tombs we opened a second, and a
smaller one of coarser construction, which confirmed in every
way the conclusions we had arrived at in opening the larger
tomb. Near the village of Ali, one of the largest mounds<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/29.png">29</SPAN>]</span>
has been pulled to pieces for the stones. By creeping into the
cavities opened we were able to ascertain that the chambers
in this mound were similar to those in the mound we
had opened, only they were double on both stories, and the
upper story was also coated with cement. Two chambers
ran parallel to each other, and were joined at the two
extremities.</p>
<p>Sir M. Durand also opened one of the mounds, but
unfortunately the roof of the tomb had fallen in, which
prevented him from obtaining any satisfactory results; but
from the general appearance, it would seem to have been constructed
on exactly the same lines as our larger one. Hence
we had the evidence of four tombs to go upon, and felt
that these must be pretty fair specimens of what the many
thousands were which extended around us.</p>
<div class="footnotes">
<div class="footnote"><p><SPAN name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></SPAN><SPAN href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></SPAN> II. 89.</p>
</div>
<div class="footnote"><p><SPAN name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></SPAN><SPAN href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></SPAN> XVI. iii. 4.</p>
</div>
<div class="footnote"><p><SPAN name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></SPAN><SPAN href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></SPAN> <i>Hist. des langues sémitiques</i>, ii. 183.</p>
</div>
<div class="footnote"><p><SPAN name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></SPAN><SPAN href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></SPAN> Perrot, <i>History of Art in Phœnicia</i>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></SPAN>[<SPAN href="./images/30.png">30</SPAN>]</span></p>
<div style="break-after:column;"></div><br />