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Birds and All Nature, Vol. VI, No 4, November 1899

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<h2> THE LADY'S SLIPPER.</h2> WILLIAM KERR HIGLEY, Secretary of The Chicago Academy of Sciences. <div> <ANTIMG class="drop-cap" src="images/initial_t.jpg" width-obs="58" height-obs="70" alt="" /></div> THIS interesting plant belongs to that remarkable family of orchids (Orchidaceæ) which includes over four hundred genera and five thousand species. They are especially noted for the great variety of shapes and colors of their flowers, many of them resembling beetles and other insects, monkey, snake, and lizard heads, as well as helmets and slippers, the latter giving rise to the name of the plant in our illustration. The variety, singular beauty, and delicate odor, as well as the peculiar arrangement of the parts of the flower, make many of the species of great financial value. This is also enhanced by the extreme care required in their cultivation, which must be accomplished in hothouses, for the majority of the more valuable forms are native only in the tropical forests. Many, too, are rarely found except as single individuals widely separated. There are many parasitic species, and in the tropics a larger number attach themselves by their long roots to trees, but do not obtain their nourishment from them, while those belonging to temperate regions usually grow on the ground. In the last sixty years the cultivation of orchids has become a passion in Europe and, to a great extent, in America. It is said that "Linnæus, in the middle of the last century, knew but a dozen exotic orchids." To-day over three thousand are known to English and American horticulturists. Though admired by all, the orchids are especially interesting to the scientist, for in their peculiar flowers is found an unusual arrangement to bring about cross-fertilization, so necessary to the best development of plant life. It is evident also, as shown by Dr. Charles Darwin, that this was not so in the earlier life of the family, but has been a gradual change, through centuries, by which the species have been better prepared to survive. No other family of plants presents as much evidence of the provision in nature for the protection of species and their continuance by propagation. Few of the orchids are of economic value to man. The most important ones, outside of a few used in medicine, are the vanillas, natives of tropical America and Africa. The lady's slipper belongs to the genus Cypripedium (from two Greek words meaning Venus and a buskin, that is, Venus' slipper). There are about forty species found in both temperate and tropical countries. The one used for our illustration is the "showy lady's slipper" (Cypripedium reginæ or spectabile) and is a native of eastern North America from Canada nearly to the Gulf of Mexico. It grows to a height of from one to three feet, and is leafy to the top. It grows in swamps and wet woods, and in many localities where it is extensively gathered for ornamental purposes it is being rapidly exterminated. Those living before the era of modern investigation knew little of the functions of the various parts of flowers. We find an excellent illustration of this ignorance in the following peculiar account of a South American lady's slipper, written by Dr. Erasmus Darwin, father of Dr. Charles Darwin, in the latter part of the last century. In his notes on his poem, "The Economy of Vegetation," he says: "It has a large globular nectary * * * of a fleshy color, and an incision or depression much resembling the body of the large American spider * * * attached to divergent slender petals not unlike the legs of the same spider." He says that Linnæus claims this spider catches small birds as well as insects, and adds: "The similitude of this flower to this great spider seems to be a vegetable contrivance to prevent the humming-bird from plundering its honey." [Pg 148] <table class="sp2 mc w50 p2" title="LADY'S SLIPPER."> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <ANTIMG style="width:100%" src="images/i_008.jpg" width="440" height="600" alt="" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="xx-smaller ac w30">A. W. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO. 281</td> <td class="x-smaller ac w40">LADY'S SLIPPER.</td> <td class="xx-smaller ac w30">COPYRIGHT 1899, BY NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr class="chap" /> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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