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<h1>DWARF FRUIT TREES</h1>
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<td rowspan="2" class="tdc bbox" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 25%;"><SPAN name="i0002" name="i0002"></SPAN>
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<td class="tdc big bbox" style="width: 75%;">OTHER BOOKS<br/>
BY THE SAME AUTHOR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdl1 bbox">LANDSCAPE GARDENING<br/>
PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE<br/>
FRUIT HARVESTING, STORING, MARKETING<br/>
SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY</td>
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</table>
<div class="figcenter"><SPAN name="i0004" name="i0004"></SPAN><div class="figborder"> <ANTIMG src="images/i0004.jpg" alt="" /> <p class="caption">DWARF CHERRY TREE</p> <p class="ctext">Two years planted</p> </div>
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<div class="bbox1"><h1>DWARF FRUIT TREES</h1></div>
<div class="bbox2">
<p class="ind">THEIR PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND
GENERAL MANAGEMENT, ADAPTED
TO THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA</p>
<p class="center"><i>By</i></p>
<p class="center big">F. A. WAUGH</p>
<p class="center ind"><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></p>
</div>
<div class="bbox3">
<p class="center small">NEW YORK</p>
<p class="center">ORANGE JUDD COMPANY</p>
<p class="center small">1906</p>
</div>
<p class="center small ind">
<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1906</span><br/>
BY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</SPAN></span></p>
<h2><SPAN name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></SPAN>PREFACE</h2>
<p>The commercial interests have so continuously and
completely held the horticultural stage in America during
the last two decades that it has been impossible
for amateur horticulture to get in a word edgewise.
Any public speaker or writer has had to talk about
several acres at a time or he would not be listened to.
He has been obliged to insist that his scheme would
pay on a commercial scale before anyone would hear,
much less consider, what he had to tell.</p>
<p>But now a change is coming. Different conditions
are already upon us. A thousand signs indicate the
new era. With hundreds—yes thousands—of men
and women now horticulture is an avocation, a pastime.
They grow trees largely for the pleasure of it;
and their gardens are built amidst surroundings which
would make commercial pomology laugh at itself.</p>
<p>And so I undertake to offer the first American fruit
book in a quarter century which can boldly declare
its independence of the professional element in fruit
growing. I am confident that dwarf fruit trees have
some commercial possibilities, but they are of far
greater importance to the small householder, the owner
of the private "estate," the village dweller, the suburbanite<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</SPAN></span>
and the commuter.</p>
<p>In other words, while I hope that all good people
will be interested in dwarf fruit trees and that some
of them will share the enthusiasm of which this book
is begotten, I do not want anyone to think that I
have issued any guaranty, expressed or implied, that
dwarf trees will open a paying commercial enterprise.
Because the argument that a thing pays has been so
long the only recommendation offered for any horticultural
scheme, many persons have formed the habit
of assuming that every sort of praise stands on this
one foundation.</p>
<p class="attr">
<span class="smcap">F. A. Waugh.</span><br/></p>
<p><i>Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1906.</i></p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</SPAN></span></p>
<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
<table summary="contents">
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td class="tdr">PAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="center"><span class="smcap"><SPAN href="#PREFACE">Preface</SPAN></span></td>
<td></td>
<td class="tdr">v</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">I.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#I">General Considerations</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">II.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#II">Advantages and Disadvantages</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">III.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#III">Propagation</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">IV.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#IV">Pruning</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">V.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#V">Special Forms</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">41</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">VI.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#VI">General Management</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">51</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">VII. </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#VII">Dwarf Apples</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">63</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">VIII.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#VIII">Dwarf Pears</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr"> 76</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">IX.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#IX">Dwarf Peaches</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">83</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">X.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#X">Dwarf Plums</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">90</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">XI.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#XI">Bush Fruits</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">XII.</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#XII">Fruit Trees in Pots</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">106</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad">XIII. </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#XIII">Personalia</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">112</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#INDEX">Index</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">125</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</SPAN></span></p>
<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
<table summary="illustrations">
<tr>
<td></td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0004">Dwarf Cherry Tree</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdrpad"><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="center">FIG.</td>
<td></td>
<td class="tdr">PAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">1 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0015">Dwarf Apple Trees in Western New York</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">2 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0017">Trained Cordon Apple Trees</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">3 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0019">Bismarck Apple</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">4</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0021">Pear Tree Trained as an Espalier</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">5</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0023">Bush Apple Tree</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">6 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0029">Plums as Upright Cordons</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">7</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0037">Paradise Apple Stocks in Early Spring</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">8</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0042">The Western Sand Cherry</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">9 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0043">Upright Cordon Plum</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">10</td>
<td class="tdl"> <SPAN href="#i0046">Bush Apple</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">11</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0049a">Bush Apple, Three Years Old, Before Pruning</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr"> 37</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">12</td>
<td class="tdl"> <SPAN href="#i0049b">Bush Apple, Same Tree, After Pruning</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">37</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">13</td>
<td class="tdl"> <SPAN href="#i0051a">Cordon Pears Before Pruning</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr"> 39</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">14 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0051b">Cordon Pears After Pruning</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr"> 39</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">15</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0055">Pears in Double U Form</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">43</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">16</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0057">Pears in U Form</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">45</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">17</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0059">Apricots in U Form</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">47</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">18</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0060">Pear in Espalier</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">19</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0061">Old Espalier Pears on Farm House Wall</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">49</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">20</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0064">Horizontal Cordon Apple and Other Dwarf Trees</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">21</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0065">Design for a Back Yard Fruit Garden</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">53</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">22</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0067">Dwarf Fruit Garden</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">55</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">23 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0067">Fruit Gardening and Landscape Gardening Combined</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">59</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">24</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0073">A Fruit Garden Containing Many Dwarf Trees</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">61</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">25 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0077">Dwarf Apples on Prof. L. H. Bailey's Farm, New York</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">65</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">26<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</SPAN></span></td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0079">Upright Cordon Apples</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">67</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">27</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0083">Horizontal Cordon Apple Trees</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">71</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">28</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0088">Young Orchard of Dwarf Pear in Western New York</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">76</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">29</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0089">Dwarf Pear in the Old and Profitable Yeomans Orchard, New York</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">77</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">30</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0091">Orchard of Dwarf Duchess Pear, Lockport, N. Y.</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">79</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">31</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0092">Pyramid Pears in a German Orchard</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">32 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0096">Dwarf Peach in Nursery</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">84</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">33</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0097">Espalier Peach, Hartford, Conn.</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">85</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">34 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0099">Peach in Fan Espalier on Wall—England</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">87</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">35</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0100">Peach Trees Trained Under Glass</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">88</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">36</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0103">Plum Trees Trained as Upright Cordons</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">91</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">37</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0107">Burbank Plums on Upright Cordons Trained to Trellis</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">95</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">38</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0112">Currants as Fan Espaliers on Trellis</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">39 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0114">Gooseberry Fan Espalier</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">102</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">40</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0116">Tree Form Gooseberry</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">104</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">41</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0120">A Fruiting Peach in Pot</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">108</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">42</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0122">A Fig Tree in a Pot</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">110</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">43 </td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0129">Dwarf Pear</SPAN></td>
<td class="tdr">117</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdrpad1">44</td>
<td class="tdl"><SPAN href="#i0133">Chenango Apples in Prof. L. H. Bailey's Orchard</SPAN> </td>
<td class="tdr">121</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<h2>DWARF FRUIT TREES</h2>
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