<h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER IV.</h2></div>
<h3 class='c012'>GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.</h3>
<p class='c022'><i>Contents—Effect of Influenza on Man; Pulmonary Influenza
or Influenza-Pneumonia; Immunity; Incubation; Salient
Points; Quarantine; Cause of “Flu”; Why Microbes
Created; Flu Preventatives; Hours When Flu Attacks;
Salient Points.</i></p>
<p class='c014'><i>Effect of Influenza on Man.</i> When the Influenza Bacillus
or Microbe has gained access to the system of man, it speedily
produces an acute infectious toxaemia or blood poisoning, due
to the toxin or poison liberated in the blood by the Bacillus;
there are also other disease producing micro-organisms found
in the sputum or spit of the Influenza victim; these are spheroid
or bead shaped and called Cocci (kokkos, a berry, Greek), which
apparently aid the B Influenza as allies of destruction to our
systems.</p>
<p class='c014'>The effects of the “Flu” poisoning on the human lung somewhat
resembles the conditions seen in those who have died from
inhaling strong Chlorine gas, Carbon mon-oxide or Nitrogen
gases in an atmosphere devoid of Oxygen.</p>
<p class='c014'>The type or general character of the “Flu” which has prevailed
in Hawaii during the past two years, especially in Honolulu
in the months of January, February, March and April, 1920,
is the highest development of destructiveness to man, that the
B Influenza is capable of. It was the true Russian Catarrh or
Malignant “Flu,” and so called by the Italians Catarro Russo
and not Influente or Influenza. This type of the “Flu” was reintroduced
into the U. S. A. in the spring of 1918.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>INFLUENZA-PNEUMONIA.</h3>
<p class='c013'>Pulmonary Influenza or Influenza-Pneumonia frequently
complicates the “Flu” in some epidemics, but not in all of them;
it is the main cause for the mortality due to that disease.</p>
<p class='c014'>A century and a half ago the French physicians first demonstrated
its peculiarities, and its difference from ordinary Pneumonia,
which is as follows:</p>
<p class='c014'>(a) It develops gradually and complicates the Bronchitis
of Influenza.</p>
<p class='c014'>(b) Its peculiar physical signs are: the respiratory murmur
in the early stages of the “Flu” is diminished, and later completely
disappears; then bronchial breathing begins without dullness
or crepitant rales, like true Pneumonia.</p>
<p class='c014'>In Hawaii as elsewhere, the complicating Pneumonia seldom
appears before the second or third day; occasionally it comes to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>the fore after the fifth or sixth; it is not always easy of detection
in a mild case. In our epidemic in Honolulu last winter,
1920, some of cases considered as Pneumonia were in fact those
of simple Pulmonary congestion and oedema, attended with expectoration
of frothy blood-tinged mucus, resembling the swollen
or drowned lung found in those who have been submerged and
died from drowning.</p>
<p class='c014'>The true Influenza-Pneumonia sputum or spit is “greenish-yellow,”
this greenish color being due to the presence in the
sputum of a green pigment excreted by the diplo-coccus or double
coccus, like a necklace of beads, or sometimes resembling rounded
small rods.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>LEGACIES OF THE “FLU” TO MAN.</h3>
<p class='c013'>A tendency to T. B., softening of the heart muscle, nervous
prostration, insomnia, restlessness and inability for brain work,
depression of spirits and irritability of temper, neuralgias, middle
ear disease, eye troubles, vertigo or giddiness from the ear disease
or eye or heart; stomach disease after intestinal influenza,
vomiting spells, etc., etc., emaciation, diarrhoea.</p>
<p class='c014'>The open air life of the occupants of T. B. hospitals accounts
for their freedom from epidemic “Flu”; but they are
not immune to every epidemic. Residents of asylums, hospitals,
and jails are not so fortunate, numbers of the inmates being attacked;
daily rations of quinine should be given.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>IMMUNITY THE KING PROTECTOR.</h3>
<p class='c013'>Paradoxical as the statement may appear, the mild and balmy
climate of the Hawaiian Islands, or any other place, neither protects
nor prevents any person from being attacked by the Influenza.</p>
<p class='c014'>A mild climate is not a factor of prevention against any infectious
or contagious disease: the dominant agent and king of
protectors is an IMMUNITY inherited or acquired.</p>
<p class='c014'>Climate cannot alter, change or prevent any person from being
infected with Small-pox, Plague, Cholera, Scarlet Fever,
Typhus or Influenza.</p>
<p class='c014'>In the presence of King “Flu” all men are not equal, those
who have had several attacks of the disease in former years, or
have recently had it, are fairly Immune, not absolutely so; but
others who have not recently had Flu are liable to become infected
with it, and may be stricken at any time.</p>
<p class='c014'>Good living, careful personal hygiene, fresh air in abundance,
avoidance of over heated and poorly ventilated rooms, together
with a general high standard of living, are excellent in their
<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>way to prevent ordinary disease; but in so far as they can prevent
any one from being infected by the Flu, the absolute
protection is entirely lacking in them; none of these very essential
hygienic principles can produce IMMUNITY, which
is the SOLE protector from an attack, or more than one attack
of Influenza, and it is Nature’s standby, and by means of
which it braces up the system to convalescence and ultimate
recovery.</p>
<p class='c014'>Successful Vaccination against Small-pox will prevent or
render mild an attack of that disease, in 95% of those who have
been vaccinated and re-vaccinated. A baby in arms if successfully
vaccinated is Immune and protected; whereas an unvaccinated
giant living in a balmy climate, should he contract Small-pox,
will probably be a candidate for a coffin or the furnace of
a Crematory.</p>
<p class='c014'>A mild climate cannot alter nor render less harmful to the
system of man, the specific toxin or poison of Influenza once
it is liberated into his blood; nor the toxin of any other micro-organism
of the infectious type.</p>
<p class='c014'>In the combat with disease, many of the advantages of our
Hawaiian climate are to a certain extent neutralised by a lack
of stamina and disease resistance (and also the neglecting to
call in the services of a physician at an early stage of the illness)
of some of our inhabitants.</p>
<p class='c014'>Any person who is affected with symptoms of disease, such
as fever, headache, nasal discharge, cough, sore and tickling
throat, and lassitude, during the prevalence of Flu, epidemic or
sporadic, should take to bed, and by so doing, it may mean and
is in line with a quick recovery, and a mild case of that disease:
whereas fighting off the disease and struggling to pursue
one’s daily avocation may change a mild type of illness to a very
grave and hopeless one. In this respect Influenza resembles Typhoid
fever of the ambulatory type, the victim does not realize
how sick he is, but when the hour comes that exhausted body
and brain forces him to seek his bed, it is often too late, and
death or prolonged sickness awaits him. Frequently the athlete
and the physically strong, when stricken with Flu, refrain from
early rest, struggle against the inroads of the disease, exhaust
their recuperative powers, and when finally driven to bed, collapse
and die: whereas a weaker individual being speedily overcome,
gives up and takes early to bed and recovers.</p>
<p class='c014'>The death rate amongst those who are attacked by the
“Flu” varies in each epidemic and pandemic; as a fair average,
approximately most recover, say 75%; incomplete recovery 15%;
and in the late epidemic in Honolulu, the winter of 1920, the
death rate was 8% to 10%; in the U. S. A. it was 4% to 6%;
and in Europe 4½%.</p>
<div>
<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>
<h3 class='c012'>INCUBATION.</h3></div>
<p class='c013'>Great discrepancies occur in the statements of different observers,
but inasmuch as each epidemic varies in severity, a severe
type of the “Flu” may have a shorter incubative period than a
mild type, and therefore taking the variations in type into consideration,
may reconcile the differences. If Influenza was accompanied
with a facial eruption or exanthem, this would materially
assist in the determination of its Incubative period. In
Hawaii, two to three days is the most frequent period of Incubation;
it may vary, however, from 24 hours to 72 hours, even to
five days; in these long incubative cases, headache, aching eyeballs,
and great languor are the indicating signs, and those persons
so affected succumb slowly and offer great resistance to
the overpowering toxins of the Bacillus Influenzae.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Immunity which a person may possess in one Epidemic
and not in another, may be accounted for by assuming that each
Epidemic may have a difference in the strain or the species of
the Influenza bacillus.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>SALIENT POINTS.</h3>
<p class='c013'>Period of Life. Most cases occur between 20 and 40 years.</p>
<p class='c014'>In Schools. The older children are first attacked: open air
schools are a positive, but not an absolute defense against Infection.</p>
<p class='c014'>Indoor Schools. The ratio of prevalence amongst children of
all ages is 40%.</p>
<p class='c014'>Outdoor Schools. All ages, the ratio of prevalence is 10%.</p>
<p class='c014'>Open Air Occupations. Such as workers in the fields, 12%
are attacked.</p>
<p class='c014'>Closed Rooms. Factory Operatives, 49% are attacked.</p>
<p class='c014'>MAIN FACTOR OF SPREAD. Not the Weather, but
HUMAN intercourse, especially Commerce; the greater the
speed of Commerce, the greater and quicker is the spread of the
Flu; it follows the path of HUMAN travel; it is a Contagion
solely spread by HUMAN intercourse, viz. “The Influenza Carrier
or Carriers.”</p>
<p class='c014'>Positions in life, which require contact with Travelers, necessarily
influence and spread the disease.</p>
<p class='c014'>“Flu” is spread in the same ratio of speed as the Carrier
of IT.</p>
<p class='c014'>When the Flu is a weakling, his best Nurses and Foster-Mothers
are Overcrowding and lack of Pure Air.</p>
<p class='c014'>Where the Crowd is, there the Flu is: little crowding means
little Flu; plenty of Crowding, plenty of Flu.</p>
<div>
<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>
<h3 class='c012'>QUARANTINE AND ISOLATION.</h3></div>
<p class='c013'>Period of Isolation, for ordinary Flu patients: 12 days.</p>
<p class='c014'>Period of Isolation, for Influenza-Pneumonia cases, until the
end of Convalescence.</p>
<p class='c014'>Quarantine and Isolation are beset with difficulties owing to
the extraordinary contagious nature of the Flu, due to the multiplicity
of Contacts, Carriers, and mild undetected cases.</p>
<p class='c014'>It should be borne in mind that Influenza is a most refractory
disease, and not at any time or season is it under our control,
and to bring about this condition is as yet an unsolved problem.</p>
<p class='c014'>It may attack us at any time, although its favorite period of
appearance is the Autumn and Winter months.</p>
<p class='c014'>Influenza is mainly a Respiratory disease, hence Isolation and
Quarantine cannot be relied upon to prevent the spread of the
Flu, and both of these restraints of personal liberty and hindrances
of commerce must fail, besides being also unpractical
and impossible.</p>
<p class='c014'>People must meet to transact business in public places, must
eat and drink in public, use telephones in public places, use public
lavatories, and many other acts of public nature; all of these
acts cannot be quarantined, nor can talking amongst crowds;
even if rigid quarantine rules were enforced, the Flu has hitherto
eluded them and spread outside of the quarantined limits.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>CAUSE OF THE FLU.</h3>
<p class='c013'>In the absence of any alleged cause or theory, which can account
for the erratic prevalence of the Flu, the Author advances
the following:</p>
<p class='c014'>(a) The Bacillus of Influenza normally cannot exist or
thrive in our every-day ordinary atmosphere, constituted of 20%
of Oxygen, and 80% of Nitrogen.</p>
<p class='c014'>(b) Under certain atmospheric conditions, such as any fractional
excess above 4–5 Nitrogen, the normal amount present in
the air, the Bacillus of Flu can become acclimated and acquires
new sources of vitality, viz., the means to exist in the presence
of Oxygen, and to thrive and multiply in it, and propagate, in
this temporarily changed atmosphere. It speedily becomes imbued
with virulent disease producing properties, multiplies on a
vast scale, and proceeds to attack and scourge man; hence an
Epidemic of Flu is brought into our lives.</p>
<p class='c014'>(c) Later when the normal atmospheric balance is restored,
the Bacillus ceases to be pathogenic or disease producing, loses
its power, Facultative or Potential, to multiply and live on a large
scale, but certain of the most vigorous members of the Colony
survive and remain dormant, and latent, and years or months later
<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>under the same favorable atmospheric conditions, Nitrogen excess
in the atmosphere, become active and produce a New Epidemic
of Flu.</p>
<p class='c014'>Each Epidemic may be considered as a sprouting of the
“seed” of the previous or past ones; such seed or microbe is not
permanently nursed by any host, such as man or animal, as a carrier;
but the Bacillus lies hidden in the dust of rooms, attics,
books, packed away clothes, towels, non-sterilized fomites in general,
especially blankets and handkerchiefs, wall paper, etc.; on
premises which had been occupied by Flu victims or victim, or
convalescents from the disease, weeks, months, or years before.</p>
<p class='c014'>No disease producing microbe can develop itself anew, it
must come from the seed of the old stock, whether it be Flu,
Typhoid, Plague, T. B., or Small-pox. Like produces, and only
can produce like, is an infallible law, and applies to every living
microbe, malignant or harmless.</p>
<p class='c014'>Anything with life, when the entire species is eradicated or
destroyed, with no live members or parents surviving, is absolutely
gone for ever, save and except the Supreme deity sees fit to
regenerate it.</p>
<p class='c014'>In Honolulu, how uncomfortable we all feel when the South
wind prevails, with its excess humid atmosphere; Headaches,
Sweats, Sneezing, Lassitude and loss of appetite, etc., affects many
of us, and coughs and sore throats; this is the Sick wind or
atmosphere, so called by the Hawaiian; a condition of mild Flu
producing weather; akin to Nitrogen plus air, and Oxygen minus,
which the Author has suggested as an explanation of the cause
of dormant Influenza, developing into an Epidemic.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>WHY WERE MICROBES CREATED?</h3>
<p class='c013'>We have an abundance of non-disease producing microbes
dwelling in our bodies, and also many other harmless micro-organisms
pervade the lower strata of our atmosphere; the upper
strata of the air are devoid of microbes, say five miles from the
surface of the earth, but inasmuch as human beings cannot breathe
in comfort at such a high elevation, we cannot escape germs of
disease by residing at great heights.</p>
<p class='c014'>The harmless microbes inhabiting our bodies are good friends
and protectors; disease producing microbes may have been created
for the purpose of maintaining a bacterial balance, not too much
of one kind nor too little of the other.</p>
<p class='c014'>If Providence intended to decimate mankind and destroy
him by microbic diseases, one species of a deadly and virulent microbe
would suffice.</p>
<p class='c014'>Micro-organisms, in order to live and exist, must find suitable
surroundings and pabulum; if these are lacking, they must
<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>perish. Man and animals, in the main, furnish the homes and
food which enables a microbe to exist; and when death destroys
the “host,” the parasitic microbe still lives in the body of its victim
when buried in the ground; hence the necessity for cremation,
which is the ideal and most efficient method of disposing of the
corpses of those who have died of infectious diseases.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>SPORES HAVE GREAT VITALITY.</h3>
<p class='c013'>The Creator, by introducing microbic life to our globe, must
have intended it to live and propagate; bacteria are provided
with a wonderful defense against eradication; this is evident in
the protection designed for the Spore or Re-productive element
of Bacteria, whose coat or outer cell envelope is one of “the most
resisting substances to destruction in the Organic world.”</p>
<p class='c014'>Agents, that cause other forms of life to succumb, fail to
destroy it; the average spore when subjected to a dry heat temperature
of 300° Fahr. for one hour is apparently still alive;
it requires this same temperature to be maintained for several
hours in order to destroy it.</p>
<p class='c014'>It is an unalterable law of life, that every living species
grows old and ultimately perishes; even one day’s existence to
a microbe may combine birth, infancy, maturity and old age.</p>
<p class='c014'>It is impossible to believe or to think, that our Creator is
always creating new or fresh supplies of Flu microbes or any
kind of the disease producing ones; whether microbes survived
the Deluge, or were post Pluvial creations is a moot point? if
Noah took microbes into the Ark and preserved them by Divine
order, for future liberation amongst mankind, he certainly did
his work efficiently in so far as the species of the Influenza bacillus
is concerned; it has lost none of its virulency or vigorousness
in the year 1920, after living 6,000 years.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>PREVENTIVES OF INFLUENZA?</h3>
<p class='c013'>Are there any Influenza preventives? Serums, of late years
have been the chief agents used for preventing and treating the
Flu.</p>
<p class='c014'>As a preventive remedy, the immunity (?) or protection afforded
is very brief, and it ceases to be of value in a few weeks.</p>
<p class='c014'>In Hawaii, the Author has not been greatly impressed with
the value of Serums in the treatment of Influenza; the alleged
great benefits and cures set forth in Medical papers, and publications
of laboratory statistics by manufacturers of the Serums
are not obtained here.</p>
<p class='c014'>Serums after injection are supposed to aggravate all the
symptoms of Flu, followed later by a great improvement in the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>patient’s condition, but this prophecy is not always borne out;
hence the increase of the headache, fever and pains in the limbs
and aching bones, alarms and frightens the patient of the Asiatic,
Hawaiian races and many of the Caucasians.</p>
<p class='c014'>Amongst cases of Influenza, lying side by side, those treated
by simple remedies recovered just as speedily and safely as those
who had undergone the Serum treatment, and were attended with
much less discomfort.</p>
<p class='c014'>QUININE. The bi-sulphate of Quinine is one of the best
haemal or blood microbicides that we have, and its daily use in
times of epidemics of Influenza may prevent the user of it from
being attacked. It is more a Preventive in some of the epidemics
than in others, the ratio of prevention is 40–60, sometimes more,
sometimes less; the remedy is easily taken, and in small doses has
no drawbacks; it is best so administered; it is cheap and in the
coated tablet form palatable, convenient; any person can take it
and pursue his usual avocation.</p>
<p class='c014'>After forty years of practice as a physician, the Author feels
convinced of the value of Quinine; he learned its value in western
Europe, even if the headache of Flu is very severe small trial
doses may be given, as the Author knows from personal experience
it is helpful; in a later stage of the disease, with excessive sweats,
cold clammy skin and aching bones, all due to cadaveric bacilli
circulating in the blood, give Quinine, and your patient or patients
will soon respond to its beneficial effects, their condition will
improve, and they will thank you and ask for the medicine.</p>
<p class='c014'>Should small doses upset the stomach, in very susceptible
persons, then it may be given by hypodermic injection, using the
more soluble salts of QUININE, the Lactate a white powder
soluble in 1 to 5 of water, or the Acid Hydrochloride of the
B P<SPAN name='r2' /><SPAN href='#f2' class='c020'><sup>[2]</sup></SPAN>; in the U S P<SPAN name='r3' /><SPAN href='#f3' class='c020'><sup>[3]</sup></SPAN> it is the Di-chloride, which is soluble
in less than its own weight of water; if small doses of Quinine
cause headache and ringing in the ears in a well person than
the remedy is unsuitable and should not be taken, for it will not
prevent an attack of the Flu in that person.</p>
<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
<p class='c014'><SPAN href='#r2'>2</SPAN>. British Pharmacopeia.</p>
</div>
<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
<p class='c014'><SPAN href='#r3'>3</SPAN>. U. S. A. Pharmacopeia.</p>
</div>
<p class='c014'>Professor Dittmar Finkler, M.D., of the university of Bonn,
Rhenish Prussia, in his work on Influenza, cites the experiments
carried out by Dr. Graser, Medical Army Corps, on duty at the
cavalry barracks at Bonn, where five squadrons of German cavalry
were quartered during an Epidemic of Flu; one of the
squadrons, complement of men, was given daily rations of
Quinine for several weeks during the prevalence of the epidemic,
the other four squadrons received no Quinine; the results are
here set forth:</p>
<table class='table2' summary=''>
<tr><td class='c021' colspan='4'><span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span></td></tr>
<tr>
<th class='c008'>Squadron</th>
<th class='c008'>Complement</th>
<th class='c008'>“Flu” Cases</th>
<th class='c015'>Quinine</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>First</td>
<td class='c019'>135</td>
<td class='c019'>22</td>
<td class='c017'>None</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Second</td>
<td class='c019'>135</td>
<td class='c019'>4</td>
<td class='c017'>0.5 gm. daily</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Third</td>
<td class='c019'>135</td>
<td class='c019'>19</td>
<td class='c017'>None</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Fourth</td>
<td class='c019'>135</td>
<td class='c019'>42</td>
<td class='c017'>None</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Fifth</td>
<td class='c019'>135</td>
<td class='c019'>32</td>
<td class='c017'>None</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class='c014'>It is reasonable to assume, that the food or pabulum of the
bacillus of Influenza is poisoned by Quinine entering the blood,
hence the microbe will avoid by instinct any person whose blood
contains quinine in solution; if the bacillus has gained access
to the system it is speedily destroyed, and becomes cadaveric as
soon as it enters the zone of the quinine barrage.</p>
<p class='c006'>Are there Hours of the day when the System is more susceptible
to Invasion by the Bacillus Influenzae?</p>
<p class='c006'>To determine this question requires careful study, time, a
great deal of patient and tedious work and perseverance; yet it
is possible to gain some information on this phase of the “Flu.”</p>
<p class='c014'>At intervals, during the past twenty-one years, from more
than 1000 cases of Influenza in adults, the Author has managed
to collect 132 cases; wherein, it was possible to check and verify
with some degree of accuracy, the time of contact with a known
source of Flu; no subsequent contact being had with any other
known source of that disease.</p>
<p class='c014'>Material evidence was collected from isolated plantation
camps, sparsely inhabited villages, and the suburbs of Honolulu
at such times as there was no epidemic of Flu. A record of cases
collected mostly in the autumn and winter months, from October
to March, is hereunder set forth:</p>
<table class='table2' summary=''>
<tr>
<th class='c008'>Hours of Contact</th>
<th class='c008'>Cases</th>
<th class='c008'>Incubation</th>
<th class='c015'>Pneumonia</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c008'>5 a.m. to 8 a.m.</td>
<td class='c008'>30</td>
<td class='c008'>2 to 3 days.</td>
<td class='c015'>None.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c008'>8 a.m. to 6 p.m.</td>
<td class='c008'>22</td>
<td class='c008'>2 to 3 days.</td>
<td class='c015'>None.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c008'>6 p.m. to 10 p.m.</td>
<td class='c008'>80</td>
<td class='c008'>1 to 5 days.</td>
<td class='c015'>9</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class='c014'>CROWDS in attendance at Social gatherings, Public meetings,
Restaurants, Places of amusement; together with lack of pure
Air in overheated and unventilated rooms and halls, plus lowered
vitality after the day’s work, easily and clearly account for
the great excess of cases in the above table, between the hours
from 6 to 10 p.m.</p>
<p class='c014'>Influenza has neither cosmic nor heliacal connections.</p>
<h3 class='c012'>SALIENT POINTS.</h3>
<p class='c013'>Care of the Flu patient. Ventilation of the sick room should
be carried out with due regard to the wishes of the patient. What
is a cooling agreeable breeze to the average Caucasian, may be
<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>felt as an Arctic blast by the Hawaiians and Asiatic races; this
causes them to fret and worry.</p>
<p class='c014'>There is a happy medium in ventilation of sick rooms, as in
all things. If the patient has Pneumonia, encourage resting on
the right or left side, changing from time to time; discourage
any patient from lying on the back.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Health of the Nurse. The Nurse must protect her own
health, by regular hours for work, rest, sleep, meals and exercise;
an overworked nurse is a non-efficient nurse, and it sends her along
the road to a breakdown and makes her or him more subject to
acquiring Flu from the patients.</p>
<p class='c014'>Practise nose breathing. Use sign language in the sick room;
keep the mouth closed; tightly closed lips are a better safeguard
than a Flu mask; mouth breathing is an inviter of infection;
anoint the lips and nostrils frequently with camphor vaseline, or
Spirits of Camphor; use no sprays for the nose or throat containing
alleged germ destroyers; gargle the throat with a little
Listerine water; by so doing you do not kill your protective
friends, the non-pathogenic Bacteria; these will get the best
of Mr. Flu in due time; leave the nose alone; germ killing sprays,
so-called, are useless and are a delusion; remember the “Flu”
bacillus is enclosed in a spray-proof coat, almost as tough as
Shark skin.</p>
<div class='chapter'>
<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>
<h2 class='c005'>(From the Author’s Booklet, “Historical Hawaii.”)</h2></div>
<h3 class='c012'>ADMIRAL ADAM. IVAN. KRUSENSTERN. (1770–1846.)</h3>
<p class='c013'>Adam. Ivan. Krusenstern, Russian navigator, explorer and
scientist. Served and trained with the British navy from 1793 to
1799. In the year 1802, the Russian Government purchased two
ships from the British Admiralty, whose names were changed
to the “NEVA” and the (?) Don.</p>
<p class='c014'>After being refitted and provisioned, these ships left Kronstadt
in August, 1803, under the command of Captain Krusenstern,
on a voyage of exploration around Cape Horn; they called at
the Mendaña or Marquesa Islands, remained there four months,
making investigation of the resources of this group; later the
ships sailed for Hawaii, arriving on June 13, 1804; here also
an intensive study was made of the people, products of the
islands, harbors, fisheries, climate, etc.</p>
<p class='c014'>The ships returned to Kronstadt in 1806, and Captain Krusenstern
was advanced to the rank of Admiral; he is the Author
of “A Voyage Round the World,” in 3 volumes, 1810 and 1814,
in the Russian language; he also was the Cartographer of an
“Atlas of the Pacific Ocean.”</p>
<p class='c014'>On page 199, of the Author’s Monograph “Leprosy in Hawaii,”
will be found the following statement:</p>
<p class='c014'>1804, June 13. The Russian ship “NEVA” arrives; did this
ship infect the Islands with CHOLERA?</p>
<p class='c014'>1804, ? ? A severe and deadly Epidemic disease ravages
the Islands, named by the Hawaiian people, the “<span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ma’i make
Okuu</span>,” or the “<span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ahulau Okuu</span>.”</p>
<h3 class='c012'>THE <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">AHULAU OKUU</span>.</h3>
<p class='c013'>The word Ahulau means a deadly epidemic or pestilence; the
word Okuu has two meanings which will be explained later.</p>
<p class='c014'>A description of the symptoms of the victims of the <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ahulau
Okuu</span>, as related to the Author in the year 1883, is herewith set
forth in the <i>words</i> of the narrators, grandchildren of some of
those who had been stricken with the <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ahulau Okuu</span>, but had
recovered.</p>
<p class='c014'>“Owing to the terrible pains in their stomachs, and the
cramps in the legs, those who had the New disease could neither
stand nor lie down: (hence the meaning of the word <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span>, a
verb, to sit up because one has no place to lie down in comfort).</p>
<p class='c014'>“To obtain some relief from the pains, the sick people sat on
their hams or heels, with the body bowed forward clasping their
stomachs, or sat on the ground, their legs in front and the body
bowed in front over the legs. Thin stuff like sour starch water
<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>flowed from them very often; some vomited all the time; their
faces and bodies became black and cold as like they had died,
their eyes grew small and far in the head. They all the time
cried for water, for they had a great thirst. People died so fast
and so many, nobody was left to bury them.</p>
<p class='c014'>“The sick and the well ones who looked after them, lived
on baked sweet potatoes; the people were too tired and weary
to make the poi.</p>
<p class='c014'>“It often so happened, those who were not sick when they
began to cook the food for the sick ones, were taken with the
Ahulau Okuu, and died so quickly, falling over dead on the
face, before the potatoes had cooked.” (All the above described
conditions are typical of Cholera of the Asiatic type, the most
malignant form.) Author.</p>
<p class='c014'>The <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ahulau Okuu</span> ravaged all the Islands, and it is said to
have caused 22,000 deaths. Kamehameha I, then living on the
Island of Oahu, was stricken with the disease, but recovered.</p>
<p class='c014'>(A) The Hawaiian word <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span>, a verb, means, to dismiss
or let go the Soul: It is applied to and accepted as describing the
last moments of those stricken with the pestilence of 1804: “they
dismissed freely their souls and died.” This explanation of the
meaning of Okuu is too vague. It gives no clue to the early
stages of the disease or its symptoms. The only conclusion that
can be safely drawn is that the <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span> was a rapidly fatal and
epidemic malady.</p>
<p class='c014'>(B) The Author of this Booklet sought for, and found
years ago another Hawaiian word <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span>, which throws some light
on the progress of the <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ahulau Okuu</span> previous to death, and it also
gives some insight as to what the pestilence could be or was;
furthermore to any physician of an intuitive mind, the translation
into English of the word <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span>, “to dismiss freely and
let go the Soul in death” explains nothing.</p>
<p class='c014'>There are two words <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span> in the Hawaiian language, spelt
alike and also pronounced alike, but entirely different in their
meanings; both are verbs. Lorrin Andrews in his Hawaiian dictionary,
a standard work, A.D. 1865. (q. v.), states the meaning
of the second <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span> is “to have to sit up because one has no
place to lie down in comfort”; this aptly describes the misery
of a cholera victim; he or she cannot stand up, sit up, nor lie down
in comfort, because of the intense and continuous pains in the
belly, and cramps in the legs. Which of these two construings
of the word <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Okuu</span> gives the better and clearer explanation of
what the <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ahulau Okuu</span> really was, is left to the judgment of
the Reader.</p>
<div>
<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>
<h3 class='c012'>A POLYNESIAN COLONY LIVES IN PELE LIILII<br/> A. D. 1920.</h3></div>
<p class='c013'>The Mentawe or Menekeawe Islands lie 70 miles off the
West coast of the Island of Sumatra, and the people of these
islands are the last and only Colony of Polynesians living in the
Malay Archipelago; all the other Polynesians have immigrated
and passed onward to the Pacific Ocean.</p>
<p class='c014'>Menekeawe is a Polynesian word, hence used every day in
Hawaii; mene, means an axe or koi; <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">keawe</span>, means a bearer or
carrier, also <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Keawe</span> is the name of a man; hence we have the
hale or house of <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Keawe</span>, the temple of refuge at Honaunau, S.
Kona, Hawaii.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Menekeawe Islands are 21 in number, 4 large and 17
small; all are of volcanic formation; they lie offshore at the
base of the great mountain Indrapura, 12,500 feet, now a quiescent
volcano, and the alleged abode (pura) of Indra, the FIRE
GOD of the Indo-Aryan peoples, a King God of the Middle
Realm, the fire of the Air, the lightning.</p>
<p class='c014'>The four largest of this group of Islands are, Siberut, Sipora
or Sikatan, North and South Paggi; they are surrounded
by coral reefs and volcanic shoals, difficult of access due to a
huge surf. The area of all the islands is 1224 square miles,
about one-fifth the size of Hawaii net; their Lat. 1° South to
3° 30′; Long. 100° E.</p>
<p class='c014'>The people of the Menekeawe Islands in features, language
and customs have a distinct and remarkable affinity with the
Polynesians; they are almost a pure blooded race of ARYAN
stock, and they are the only survivors of an eastward emigration
of an Indo-Aryan people, who antedate the Malay peoples in
Sumatra, the Battas and others. The Menekeawes have not
fused nor mixed their blood with other Malay peoples; miscegenation,
if any, has been very rare.</p>
<p class='c006'>PELE’S HAIR is formed by whirlpools of scum floating on
the surface of the rapidly moving magma of boiling lava, and
blown by the wind over the rim of the lava basin. During heavy
rain, Pele ceases to spin her amber colored threads of glass. In
January, 1888, the Author collected the hair; analysis showed the
composition to be Silicate of Calcium 75%; Silicate of Calcium
Oxide 15%; Ferrous Carbonate, FeCO<sub>3</sub>, 7%; Ferrous Sulphate,
FeSO<sub>4</sub>, 3%; the “hair” is therefore a fused transparent amorphous
Silicate of Calcium; the amber color is due to the iron,
Fe salts.</p>
<p class='c006'>HALA: The Hala mountains are 40 miles west of the Indus
river and form the boundary between S. E. Persia and India.
<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>The town of Hala in Persia is the modern Bela; an Indian town
Hala is located on the bank of the Indus 25 miles north of Hydarabad
(the abode by the water). The Maikai mountains are found
S. of the Nerbudda river, Lat. 22° 30′ N; Long. 78° E. In Hawaii,
hala, a pineapple, a tree; as a verb, hala, to pass beyond, as death;
also Pahala, Halawa.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Hawaiian people speak of living in PELE: The great
volcanic islands around the Java Sea are this land. The great
island of Sumatra, 1100 miles long by 250 wide, 66 volcanic
centers, probably is the Hawaii Loa of the Hawaiians.</p>
<p class='c014'>Island of Java: Yawa, Hawa, Chawa, Mul Java of Ibn Batuta,
Jawa, Jawi, Jawah.</p>
<p class='c014'>Savii Loa is great Java, Sawaii or Savaii is Javaii; Savaiiki is
Javaiiki or little Java.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Arabs were the great ancient navigators and explorers;
they acquired their maritime skill and seamanship in
the Mediterranean, Red and Arabian seas and in the Persian
gulf.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Phoenicians acquired their marine training around
the islands in the Gulf of Persia.</p>
<p class='c014'>The ancestors of the Hawaiians could have learned their
marine skill, and probably did so, on the shores of the Arabian
Sea and off the estuary of the river Indus, also in the Bay of
Bengal and off the mouths of the River Ganges, and later, in
the seas of Indonesia.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Polynesians are pre-eminently a race of excellent
seamen, due to centuries of a sea-faring life. The early members
of that nation, upon their entry into the Pacific Ocean,
perhaps in dhows and praus, but later as canoe-men, were
skillful, fearless and as successful a race of navigators and explorers
as the world has ever produced; poorly fitted out for
ocean travel in frail craft; nevertheless the Polynesians pursued
boldly a course into an unknown, vast ocean, where possible
storms, thirst, starvation, shipwreck and death awaited
them.</p>
<p class='c014'>Some probable points of departure of the primal Polynesian
emigrants, seeking new homes in the various islands of
the Pacific, can be found at Sawaii and Kawaahae on the
north coast of the island of Ceram (?Ceylon), one of the Molucca
islands; thence they could pass due north up the Gilolo
channel and enter the Pacific, leaving Pulo Morotai (Island
of Molokai) to the northwest, then steering a course along the
north of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands due east
towards Samoa.</p>
<hr class='c023' />
<p class='c014'>To escape the Mongoloid hordes, who were crushing and
crowding them out in Indonesia, the Polynesians in their
<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>travels appear always from necessity and safety to have
chosen the path of least resistance, the ocean; with its currents
and winds, aided by sails and paddle power, it is a motor
of comparative ease and progress, and also of sustenance, providing
abundance of fish, <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">limu</span> (edible seaweed), etc.</p>
<p class='c014'>The early Polynesians, armed with their knowledge of
trade winds, ocean currents, the stars, and with their skill as
fishermen, reduced to a minimum the prospects of ocean disasters
or pilikias. On the ocean’s broad expanse no enemy
could ambuscade them, nor were perils of this kind liable to
be encountered. Under all the above conditions of ocean
traveling the Polynesian navigators were enabled to explore
and discover many new and hitherto unknown islands in the
largest ocean of our globe, the Pacific.</p>
<hr class='c023' />
<p class='c014'>The Polynesian speech or language is distinctly not of
Malay or Mongoloid origin; research indicates that Indonesia
was its home and that it must have been in use for centuries
before the Malay came into the field. Due to the invasion of
this race, some of their words became engrafted on to the Polynesian,
they did not and have not materially changed it, hence,
without any sufficient reason, the name Malayo-Polynesian is
in common use to designate a language which is 85 per cent.
Polynesian.</p>
<p class='c014'>The Polynesians are absolutely a separate and distinct
race from the Malays. The pure Polynesian type, such as
most of aboriginal Hawaiians, has the following characteristics:
Tall, skin brown or olive, brown eyes, abundant black
wavy hair, ARYAN features, cleanly, cheerful, artistic, intellectual,
gentle, polite and dignified, poetical, musical.</p>
<p class='c014'>Their long type of skull and its capacity resembles in part
the European. Every one of the above properties is lacking
in the Malay, but the ancient Hindu and the Persian possessed
every one of them; it is to these races that the primal Polynesians
can be traced and hence their identification in the Pacific
presents no problem that cannot be solved.</p>
<p class='c014'>William Marsden (1754–1836), “History of Sumatra,”
states: “All the Insular nations of the Pacific are colonies
from Indonesia or Malaysia, whose original home was the
great Island of SUMATRA, and their common speech the
Great Polynesian.”</p>
<h4 class='c012'>The Land of our Aryan Ancestors.</h4>
<p class='c013'>About 1400 B.C.—“The summer months are two, and the
winter months are ten, and these are cold; and when the winter
encompasses (us) with the worst of its annoyances it is
<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>cold for the trees and the flowers, cold for the cattle, horses
and birds, and cold for the freezing-waters filled with the falling
snow.”</p>
<p class='c014'>Quoted from the sacred record of the Persians, kept by
the “Magi,” the priests of the Persians—the Wise Men of the
East; of the same class as those who carried to Mary, the
mother of Christ, gold, frankincense and myrrh (aromatic
germicides to protect the infant Christ from mumps, measles
and tonsilitis, etc., and also to purify the air of the living
quarters).</p>
<p class='c014'>The location of a land with only two summer months
must have been far to the north of the Caspian Sea, on the
banks of the River Rha or the Volga. Petrograd, in 60 degrees
N. Lat., has an average annual temperature of 38 degrees Fahr.</p>
<hr class='c023' />
<h4 class='c012'>Farthest East in Polynesia.</h4>
<p class='c013'>Rapanui, or Easter Island: Seen by Captain Alvaro Mendaña,
June 24, 1595; visited by the Dutch Admiral, Jacob Roggeveen,
and his crew on Easter Sunday, 1722, hence the name
of the island, Easter.</p>
<p class='c014'>Inhabitants are today Polynesians who came from the
Marquesa Islands, some 1800 miles to the northwest of Rapanui.
A translation of one of their tablets bearing a hieroglyphic
inscription relates as follows:</p>
<p class='c014'>“In that happy land, that beautiful land, where Romaha
lived before with his beloved Hangora; that beautiful land that
was governed by the Gods from heaven; who lived in the
water when it was cold; where the Black and White pointed
Spider would have climbed to heaven, but was stopped by the
falling snow and the freezing cold.”</p>
<p class='c014'>This very unique narrative probably harks back to northwest
India; Ramachandra, the seventh incarnation of Vishnu,
the Polynesian Tangaroa, and the black and white spider is
the winter solstice, similar to the Hawaiian astronomy, <span lang="haw" xml:lang="haw">Ke
alanui polohiwa a ke Kuukuu</span> (the black luminous orbit of the
Spider).</p>
<div>
<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>
<h3 class='c012'>POLYNESIAN VITAL STATISTICS.</h3></div>
<table class='table1' summary=''>
<tr>
<th class='c008'>Islands</th>
<th class='c008'>Population</th>
<th class='c008'>Years</th>
<th class='c015'>Decrease</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Tahiti Group</td>
<td class='c019'>*175,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1774</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>34,800</td>
<td class='c019'>1910</td>
<td class='c018'>140,200</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Samoa Group</td>
<td class='c019'>*185,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1768</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>46,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1912</td>
<td class='c018'>139,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>New Zealand</td>
<td class='c019'>*120,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1840</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>49,776</td>
<td class='c019'>1916</td>
<td class='c018'>70,224</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Hawaii Nei</td>
<td class='c019'>*230,800</td>
<td class='c019'>1780</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>200,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1804</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>26,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1910</td>
<td class='c018'>204,800</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Marquesa, or</td>
<td class='c019'>*45,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1804</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Mendaña Group</td>
<td class='c019'>35,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1842</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>4,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1910</td>
<td class='c018'>41,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Tonga Group</td>
<td class='c019'>*30,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1880</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>17,500</td>
<td class='c019'>1912</td>
<td class='c018'>12,500</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Cook Group</td>
<td class='c019'>*11,500</td>
<td class='c019'>1880</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>8,400</td>
<td class='c019'>1900</td>
<td class='c018'>3,100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Wallis Group</td>
<td class='c019'>*8,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1860</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>3,600</td>
<td class='c019'>1912</td>
<td class='c018'>4,400</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Austral Group</td>
<td class='c019'> </td>
<td class='c019'> </td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Tabuai</td>
<td class='c019'>*1,800</td>
<td class='c019'>1875</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>1,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1912</td>
<td class='c018'>800</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>MELANESIA</td>
<td class='c019'> </td>
<td class='c019'> </td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>Fijii Group</td>
<td class='c019'>*194,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1840</td>
<td class='c018'> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'>125,000</td>
<td class='c019'>1906</td>
<td class='c018'>69,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'> </td>
<td class='c019'><hr /></td>
<td class='c019'> </td>
<td class='c018'><hr /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='c016'>TOTAL.</td>
<td class='c019'>*1,001,100</td>
<td class='c019'> </td>
<td class='c018'>685,024</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class='c014'>Sources of information for the Above Figures.</p>
<div class='lg-container-b'>
<div class='linegroup'>
<div class='group'>
<div class='line'>Consular Reports of various Nations.</div>
<div class='line'>Encyclopaedia Brittanica, American Edition, 1911.</div>
<div class='line'>Century Dictionary and Encyclopaedia, American, 1912.</div>
<div class='line'>Admiral Adam Ivan Krusenstern, (1770–1846).</div>
<div class='line'>Admiral Bougainville, (1729–1811).</div>
<div class='line'>Statistics collected by the Author.</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<p class='c024'>Units and tens are discarded in the above table of figures, 1st
Census.</p>
<p class='c024'>Estimating population of Aboriginal races select the lowest
totals.</p>
<p class='c024'>Estimating the Death Rate of Aboriginal races select the highest
totals.</p>
<p class='c014'>POLYNESIA: (Greek, polus, many; nesos, island).</p>
<p class='c014'>MELANESIA: (Greek, melas, melanos, black: nesos, island).</p>
<p class='c014'>MICRONESIA: (Greek, mikros, small; nesos, island).</p>
<div class='figcenter id001'>
<ANTIMG src='images/back_cover.jpg' alt='HISTORICAL HAWAII A TEXT-BOOK HAWAIIAN ★ HISTORY FOR TEACHERS, STUDENTS, PUPILS OF THE HIGHER GRADES' class='ig001' /></div>
<div class='pbb'>
<hr class='pb c003' /></div>
<div class='tnotes'>
<div class='section ph2'>
<div class='nf-center-c0'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
<div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<ol class='ol_1 c002'>
<li>P. <SPAN href='#t14'>14</SPAN>, The “Great mortality” table is obviously in error as per cent. should
not exceed 100%.
</li>
<li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
</li>
<li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
</li>
<li>Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers.
</li>
</ol></div>
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