<br/><br/><hr><SPAN name="The_Burial_of_the_Rats"></SPAN><br/><br/>
<h2>The Burial of the Rats</h2>
<br/>
<p>Leaving Paris by the Orleans road, cross the Enceinte, and, turning to
the right, you find yourself in a somewhat wild and not at all savoury
district. Right and left, before and behind, on every side rise great
heaps of dust and waste accumulated by the process of time.</p>
<p>Paris has its night as well as its day life, and the sojourner who
enters his hotel in the Rue de Rivoli or the Rue St. Honore late at
night or leaves it early in the morning, can guess, in coming near
Montrouge—if he has not done so already—the purpose of those great
waggons that look like boilers on wheels which he finds halting
everywhere as he passes.</p>
<p>Every city has its peculiar institutions created out of its own needs;
and one of the most notable institutions of Paris is its rag-picking
population. In the early morning—and Parisian life commences at an
early hour—may be seen in most streets standing on the pathway opposite
every court and alley and between every few houses, as still in some
American cities, even in parts of New York, large wooden boxes into
which the domestics or tenement-holders empty the accumulated dust of
the past day. Round these boxes gather and pass on, when the work is
done, to fresh fields of labour and pastures new, squalid hungry-looking
men and women, the implements of whose craft consist of a coarse bag or
basket slung over the shoulder and a little rake with which they turn
over and probe and examine in the minutest manner the dustbins. They
pick up and deposit in their baskets, by aid of their rakes, whatever
they may find, with the same facility as a Chinaman uses his chopsticks.</p>
<p>Paris is a city of centralisation—and centralisation and classification
are closely allied. In the early times, when centralisation is becoming
a fact, its forerunner is classification. All things which are similar
or analogous become grouped together, and from the grouping of groups
rises one whole or central point. We see radiating many long arms with
innumerable tentaculae, and in the centre rises a gigantic head with a
comprehensive brain and keen eyes to look on every side and ears
sensitive to hear—and a voracious mouth to swallow.</p>
<p>Other cities resemble all the birds and beasts and fishes whose
appetites and digestions are normal. Paris alone is the analogical
apotheosis of the octopus. Product of centralisation carried to an <i>ad
absurdum</i>, it fairly represents the devil fish; and in no respects is
the resemblance more curious than in the similarity of the digestive
apparatus.</p>
<p>Those intelligent tourists who, having surrendered their individuality
into the hands of Messrs. Cook or Gaze, 'do' Paris in three days, are
often puzzled to know how it is that the dinner which in London would
cost about six shillings, can be had for three francs in a café in the
Palais Royal. They need have no more wonder if they will but consider
the classification which is a theoretic speciality of Parisian life, and
adopt all round the fact from which the chiffonier has his genesis.</p>
<p>The Paris of 1850 was not like the Paris of to-day, and those who see
the Paris of Napoleon and Baron Hausseman can hardly realise the
existence of the state of things forty-five years ago.</p>
<p>Amongst other things, however, which have not changed are those
districts where the waste is gathered. Dust is dust all the world over,
in every age, and the family likeness of dust-heaps is perfect. The
traveller, therefore, who visits the environs of Montrouge can go go
back in fancy without difficulty to the year 1850.</p>
<p>In this year I was making a prolonged stay in Paris. I was very much in
love with a young lady who, though she returned my passion, so far
yielded to the wishes of her parents that she had promised not to see me
or to correspond with me for a year. I, too, had been compelled to
accede to these conditions under a vague hope of parental approval.
During the term of probation I had promised to remain out of the country
and not to write to my dear one until the expiration of the year.</p>
<p>Naturally the time went heavily with me. There was not one of my own
family or circle who could tell me of Alice, and none of her own folk
had, I am sorry to say, sufficient generosity to send me even an
occasional word of comfort regarding her health and well-being. I spent
six months wandering about Europe, but as I could find no satisfactory
distraction in travel, I determined to come to Paris, where, at least, I
would be within easy hail of London in case any good fortune should call
me thither before the appointed time. That 'hope deferred maketh the
heart sick' was never better exemplified than in my case, for in
addition to the perpetual longing to see the face I loved there was
always with me a harrowing anxiety lest some accident should prevent me
showing Alice in due time that I had, throughout the long period of
probation, been faithful to her trust and my own love. Thus, every
adventure which I undertook had a fierce pleasure of its own, for it was
fraught with possible consequences greater than it would have ordinarily
borne.</p>
<p>Like all travellers I exhausted the places of most interest in the first
month of my stay, and was driven in the second month to look for
amusement whithersoever I might. Having made sundry journeys to the
better-known suburbs, I began to see that there was a <i>terra incognita</i>,
in so far as the guide book was concerned, in the social wilderness
lying between these attractive points. Accordingly I began to
systematise my researches, and each day took up the thread of my
exploration at the place where I had on the previous day dropped it.</p>
<p>In the process of time my wanderings led me near Montrouge, and I saw
that hereabouts lay the Ultima Thule of social exploration—a country as
little known as that round the source of the White Nile. And so I
determined to investigate philosophically the chiffonier—his habitat,
his life, and his means of life.</p>
<p>The job was an unsavoury one, difficult of accomplishment, and with
little hope of adequate reward. However, despite reason, obstinacy
prevailed, and I entered into my new investigation with a keener energy
than I could have summoned to aid me in any investigation leading to any
end, valuable or worthy.</p>
<p>One day, late in a fine afternoon, toward the end of September, I
entered the holy of holies of the city of dust. The place was evidently
the recognised abode of a number of chiffoniers, for some sort of
arrangement was manifested in the formation of the dust heaps near the
road. I passed amongst these heaps, which stood like orderly sentries,
determined to penetrate further and trace dust to its ultimate location.</p>
<p>As I passed along I saw behind the dust heaps a few forms that flitted
to and fro, evidently watching with interest the advent of any stranger
to such a place. The district was like a small Switzerland, and as I
went forward my tortuous course shut out the path behind me.</p>
<p>Presently I got into what seemed a small city or community of
chiffoniers. There were a number of shanties or huts, such as may be met
with in the remote parts of the Bog of Allan—rude places with wattled
walls, plastered with mud and roofs of rude thatch made from stable
refuse—such places as one would not like to enter for any
consideration, and which even in water-colour could only look
picturesque if judiciously treated. In the midst of these huts was one
of the strangest adaptations—I cannot say habitations—I had ever seen.
An immense old wardrobe, the colossal remnant of some boudoir of Charles
VII, or Henry II, had been converted into a dwelling-house. The double
doors lay open, so that the entire ménage was open to public view. In
the open half of the wardrobe was a common sitting-room of some four
feet by six, in which sat, smoking their pipes round a charcoal brazier,
no fewer than six old soldiers of the First Republic, with their
uniforms torn and worn threadbare. Evidently they were of the <i>mauvais
sujet</i> class; their bleary eyes and limp jaws told plainly of a common
love of absinthe; and their eyes had that haggard, worn look of
slumbering ferocity which follows hard in the wake of drink. The other
side stood as of old, with its shelves intact, save that they were cut
to half their depth, and in each shelf of which there were six, was a
bed made with rags and straw. The half-dozen of worthies who inhabited
this structure looked at me curiously as I passed; and when I looked
back after going a little way I saw their heads together in a whispered
conference. I did not like the look of this at all, for the place was
very lonely, and the men looked very, very villainous. However, I did
not see any cause for fear, and went on my way, penetrating further and
further into the Sahara. The way was tortuous to a degree, and from
going round in a series of semi-circles, as one goes in skating with the
Dutch roll, I got rather confused with regard to the points of the
compass.</p>
<p>When I had penetrated a little way I saw, as I turned the corner of a
half-made heap, sitting on a heap of straw an old soldier with
threadbare coat.</p>
<p>'Hallo!' said I to myself; 'the First Republic is well represented here
in its soldiery.'</p>
<p>As I passed him the old man never even looked up at me, but gazed on the
ground with stolid persistency. Again I remarked to myself: 'See what a
life of rude warfare can do! This old man's curiosity is a thing of the
past.'</p>
<p>When I had gone a few steps, however, I looked back suddenly, and saw
that curiosity was not dead, for the veteran had raised his head and was
regarding me with a very queer expression. He seemed to me to look very
like one of the six worthies in the press. When he saw me looking he
dropped his head; and without thinking further of him I went on my way,
satisfied that there was a strange likeness between these old warriors.</p>
<p>Presently I met another old soldier in a similar manner. He, too, did
not notice me whilst I was passing.</p>
<p>By this time it was getting late in the afternoon, and I began to think
of retracing my steps. Accordingly I turned to go back, but could see a
number of tracks leading between different mounds and could not
ascertain which of them I should take. In my perplexity I wanted to see
someone of whom to ask the way, but could see no one. I determined to go
on a few mounds further and so try to see someone—not a veteran.</p>
<p>I gained my object, for after going a couple of hundred yards I saw
before me a single shanty such as I had seen before—with, however, the
difference that this was not one for living in, but merely a roof with
three walls open in front. From the evidences which the neighbourhood
exhibited I took it to be a place for sorting. Within it was an old
woman wrinkled and bent with age; I approached her to ask the way.</p>
<p>She rose as I came close and I asked her my way. She immediately
commenced a conversation; and it occurred to me that here in the very
centre of the Kingdom of Dust was the place to gather details of the
history of Parisian rag-picking—particularly as I could do so from the
lips of one who looked like the oldest inhabitant.</p>
<p>I began my inquiries, and the old woman gave me most interesting
answers—she had been one of the ceteuces who sat daily before the
guillotine and had taken an active part among the women who signalised
themselves by their violence in the revolution. While we were talking
she said suddenly: 'But m'sieur must be tired standing,' and dusted a
rickety old stool for me to sit down. I hardly liked to do so for many
reasons; but the poor old woman was so civil that I did not like to run
the risk of hurting her by refusing, and moreover the conversation of
one who had been at the taking of the Bastille was so interesting that I
sat down and so our conversation went on.</p>
<p>While we were talking an old man—older and more bent and wrinkled even
than the woman—appeared from behind the shanty. 'Here is Pierre,' said
she. 'M'sieur can hear stories now if he wishes, for Pierre was in
everything, from the Bastille to Waterloo.' The old man took another
stool at my request and we plunged into a sea of revolutionary
reminiscences. This old man, albeit clothed like a scarecrow, was like
any one of the six veterans.</p>
<p>I was now sitting in the centre of the low hut with the woman on my left
hand and the man on my right, each of them being somewhat in front of
me. The place was full of all sorts of curious objects of lumber, and of
many things that I wished far away. In one corner was a heap of rags
which seemed to move from the number of vermin it contained, and in the
other a heap of bones whose odour was something shocking. Every now and
then, glancing at the heaps, I could see the gleaming eyes of some of
the rats which infested the place. These loathsome objects were bad
enough, but what looked even more dreadful was an old butcher's axe with
an iron handle stained with clots of blood leaning up against the wall
on the right hand side. Still, these things did not give me much
concern. The talk of the two old people was so fascinating that I stayed
on and on, till the evening came and the dust heaps threw dark shadows
over the vales between them.</p>
<p>After a time I began to grow uneasy. I could not tell how or why, but
somehow I did not feel satisfied. Uneasiness is an instinct and means
warning. The psychic faculties are often the sentries of the intellect,
and when they sound alarm the reason begins to act, although perhaps not
consciously.</p>
<p>This was so with me. I began to bethink me where I was and by what
surrounded, and to wonder how I should fare in case I should be
attacked; and then the thought suddenly burst upon me, although without
any overt cause, that I was in danger. Prudence whispered: 'Be still and
make no sign,' and so I was still and made no sign, for I knew that four
cunning eyes were on me. 'Four eyes—if not more.' My God, what a
horrible thought! The whole shanty might be surrounded on three sides
with villains! I might be in the midst of a band of such desperadoes as
only half a century of periodic revolution can produce.</p>
<p>With a sense of danger my intellect and observation quickened, and I
grew more watchful than was my wont. I noticed that the old woman's eyes
were constantly wandering towards my hands. I looked at them too, and
saw the cause—my rings. On my left little finger I had a large signet
and on the right a good diamond.</p>
<p>I thought that if there was any danger my first care was to avert
suspicion. Accordingly I began to work the conversation round to
rag-picking—to the drains—of the things found there; and so by easy
stages to jewels. Then, seizing a favourable opportunity, I asked the
old woman if she knew anything of such things. She answered that she
did, a little. I held out my right hand, and, showing her the diamond,
asked her what she thought of that. She answered that her eyes were bad,
and stooped over my hand. I said as nonchalantly as I could: 'Pardon me!
You will see better thus!' and taking it off handed it to her. An unholy
light came into her withered old face, as she touched it. She stole one
glance at me swift and keen as a flash of lightning.</p>
<p>She bent over the ring for a moment, her face quite concealed as though
examining it. The old man looked straight out of the front of the shanty
before him, at the same time fumbling in his pockets and producing a
screw of tobacco in a paper and a pipe, which he proceeded to fill. I
took advantage of the pause and the momentary rest from the searching
eyes on my face to look carefully round the place, now dim and shadowy
in the gloaming. There still lay all the heaps of varied reeking
foulness; there the terrible blood-stained axe leaning against the wall
in the right hand corner, and everywhere, despite the gloom, the baleful
glitter of the eyes of the rats. I could see them even through some of
the chinks of the boards at the back low down close to the ground. But
stay! these latter eyes seemed more than usually large and bright and
baleful!</p>
<p>For an instant my heart stood still, and I felt in that whirling
condition of mind in which one feels a sort of spiritual drunkenness,
and as though the body is only maintained erect in that there is no time
for it to fall before recovery. Then, in another second, I was calm—coldly
calm, with all my energies in full vigour, with a self-control
which I felt to be perfect and with all my feeling and instincts alert.</p>
<p>Now I knew the full extent of my danger: I was watched and surrounded by
desperate people! I could not even guess at how many of them were lying
there on the ground behind the shanty, waiting for the moment to strike.
I knew that I was big and strong, and they knew it, too. They knew also,
as I did, that I was an Englishman and would make a fight for it; and so
we waited. I had, I felt, gained an advantage in the last few seconds,
for I knew my danger and understood the situation. Now, I thought, is
the test of my courage—the enduring test: the fighting test may come
later!</p>
<p>The old woman raised her head and said to me in a satisfied kind of way:</p>
<p>'A very fine ring, indeed—a beautiful ring! Oh, me! I once had such
rings, plenty of them, and bracelets and earrings! Oh! for in those fine
days I led the town a dance! But they've forgotten me now! They've
forgotten me! They? Why they never heard of me! Perhaps their
grandfathers remember me, some of them!' and she laughed a harsh,
croaking laugh. And then I am bound to say that she astonished me, for
she handed me back the ring with a certain suggestion of old-fashioned
grace which was not without its pathos.</p>
<p>The old man eyed her with a sort of sudden ferocity, half rising from
his stool, and said to me suddenly and hoarsely:</p>
<p>'Let me see!'</p>
<p>I was about to hand the ring when the old woman said:</p>
<p>'No! no, do not give it to Pierre! Pierre is eccentric. He loses things;
and such a pretty ring!'</p>
<p>'Cat!' said the old man, savagely. Suddenly the old woman said, rather
more loudly than was necessary:</p>
<p>'Wait! I shall tell you something about a ring.' There was something in
the sound of her voice that jarred upon me. Perhaps it was my
hyper-sensitiveness, wrought up as I was to such a pitch of nervous
excitement, but I seemed to think that she was not addressing me. As I
stole a glance round the place I saw the eyes of the rats in the bone
heaps, but missed the eyes along the back. But even as I looked I saw
them again appear. The old woman's 'Wait!' had given me a respite from
attack, and the men had sunk back to their reclining posture.</p>
<p>'I once lost a ring—a beautiful diamond hoop that had belonged to a queen,
and which was given to me by a farmer of the taxes, who afterwards cut
his throat because I sent him away. I thought it must have been stolen,
and taxed my people; but I could get no trace. The police came and
suggested that it had found its way to the drain. We descended—I in my
fine clothes, for I would not trust them with my beautiful ring! I know
more of the drains since then, and of rats, too! but I shall never
forget the horror of that place—alive with blazing eyes, a wall of them
just outside the light of our torches. Well, we got beneath my house. We
searched the outlet of the drain, and there in the filth found my ring,
and we came out.</p>
<p>'But we found something else also before we came! As we were coming
toward the opening a lot of sewer rats—human ones this time—came
towards us. They told the police that one of their number had gone into
the drain, but had not returned. He had gone in only shortly before we
had, and, if lost, could hardly be far off. They asked help to seek him,
so we turned back. They tried to prevent me going, but I insisted. It
was a new excitement, and had I not recovered my ring? Not far did we go
till we came on something. There was but little water, and the bottom of
the drain was raised with brick, rubbish, and much matter of the kind.
He had made a fight for it, even when his torch had gone out. But they
were too many for him! They had not been long about it! The bones were
still warm; but they were picked clean. They had even eaten their own
dead ones and there were bones of rats as well as of the man. They took
it cool enough those other—the human ones—and joked of their comrade
when they found him dead, though they would have helped him living. Bah!
what matters it—life or death?'</p>
<p>'And had you no fear?' I asked her.</p>
<p>'Fear!' she said with a laugh. 'Me have fear? Ask Pierre! But I was
younger then, and, as I came through that horrible drain with its wall
of greedy eyes, always moving with the circle of the light from the
torches, I did not feel easy. I kept on before the men, though! It is a
way I have! I never let the men get it before me. All I want is a chance
and a means! And they ate him up—took every trace away except the
bones; and no one knew it, nor no sound of him was ever heard!' Here she
broke into a chuckling fit of the ghastliest merriment which it was ever
my lot to hear and see. A great poetess describes her heroine singing:
'Oh! to see or hear her singing! Scarce I know which is the divinest.'</p>
<p>And I can apply the same idea to the old crone—in all save the
divinity, for I scarce could tell which was the most hellish—the harsh,
malicious, satisfied, cruel laugh, or the leering grin, and the horrible
square opening of the mouth like a tragic mask, and the yellow gleam of
the few discoloured teeth in the shapeless gums. In that laugh and with
that grin and the chuckling satisfaction I knew as well as if it had
been spoken to me in words of thunder that my murder was settled, and
the murderers only bided the proper time for its accomplishment. I could
read between the lines of her gruesome story the commands to her
accomplices. 'Wait,' she seemed to say, 'bide your time. I shall strike
the first blow. Find the weapon for me, and I shall make the
opportunity! He shall not escape! Keep him quiet, and then no one will
be wiser. There will be no outcry, and the rats will do their work!'</p>
<p>It was growing darker and darker; the night was coming. I stole a glance
round the shanty, still all the same! The bloody axe in the corner, the
heaps of filth, and the eyes on the bone heaps and in the crannies of
the floor.</p>
<p>Pierre had been still ostensibly filling his pipe; he now struck a light
and began to puff away at it. The old woman said:</p>
<p>'Dear heart, how dark it is! Pierre, like a good lad, light the lamp!'</p>
<p>Pierre got up and with the lighted match in his hand touched the wick of
a lamp which hung at one side of the entrance to the shanty, and which
had a reflector that threw the light all over the place. It was
evidently that which was used for their sorting at night.</p>
<p>'Not that, stupid! Not that! the lantern!' she called out to him.</p>
<p>He immediately blew it out, saying: 'All right, mother I'll find it,'
and he hustled about the left corner of the room—the old woman saying
through the darkness:</p>
<p>The lantern! the lantern! Oh! That is the light that is most useful to
us poor folks. The lantern was the friend of the revolution! It is the
friend of the chiffonier! It helps us when all else fails.'</p>
<p>Hardly had she said the word when there was a kind of creaking of the
whole place, and something was steadily dragged over the roof.</p>
<p>Again I seemed to read between the lines of her words. I knew the lesson
of the lantern.</p>
<p>'One of you get on the roof with a noose and strangle him as he passes
out if we fail within.'</p>
<p>As I looked out of the opening I saw the loop of a rope outlined black
against the lurid sky. I was now, indeed, beset!</p>
<p>Pierre was not long in finding the lantern. I kept my eyes fixed through
the darkness on the old woman. Pierre struck his light, and by its flash
I saw the old woman raise from the ground beside her where it had
mysteriously appeared, and then hide in the folds of her gown, a long
sharp knife or dagger. It seemed to be like a butcher's sharpening iron
fined to a keen point.</p>
<p>The lantern was lit.</p>
<p>'Bring it here, Pierre,' she said. 'Place it in the doorway where we can
see it. See how nice it is! It shuts out the darkness from us; it is
just right!'</p>
<p>Just right for her and her purposes! It threw all its light on my face,
leaving in gloom the faces of both Pierre and the woman, who sat outside
of me on each side.</p>
<p>I felt that the time of action was approaching, but I knew now that the
first signal and movement would come from the woman, and so watched her.</p>
<p>I was all unarmed, but I had made up my mind what to do. At the first
movement I would seize the butcher's axe in the right-hand corner and
fight my way out. At least, I would die hard. I stole a glance round to
fix its exact locality so that I could not fail to seize it at the first
effort, for then, if ever, time and accuracy would be precious.</p>
<p>Good God! It was gone! All the horror of the situation burst upon me;
but the bitterest thought of all was that if the issue of the terrible
position should be against me Alice would infallibly suffer. Either she
would believe me false—and any lover, or any one who has ever been one,
can imagine the bitterness of the thought—or else she would go on
loving long after I had been lost to her and to the world, so that her
life would be broken and embittered, shattered with disappointment and
despair. The very magnitude of the pain braced me up and nerved me to
bear the dread scrutiny of the plotters.</p>
<p>I think I did not betray myself. The old woman was watching me as a cat
does a mouse; she had her right hand hidden in the folds of her gown,
clutching, I knew, that long, cruel-looking dagger. Had she seen any
disappointment in my face she would, I felt, have known that the moment
had come, and would have sprung on me like a tigress, certain of taking
me unprepared.</p>
<p>I looked out into the night, and there I saw new cause for danger.
Before and around the hut were at a little distance some shadowy forms;
they were quite still, but I knew that they were all alert and on guard.
Small chance for me now in that direction.</p>
<p>Again I stole a glance round the place. In moments of great excitement
and of great danger, which is excitement, the mind works very quickly,
and the keenness of the faculties which depend on the mind grows in
proportion. I now felt this. In an instant I took in the whole
situation. I saw that the axe had been taken through a small hole made
in one of the rotten boards. How rotten they must be to allow of such a
thing being done without a particle of noise.</p>
<p>The hut was a regular murder-trap, and was guarded all around. A
garroter lay on the roof ready to entangle me with his noose if I should
escape the dagger of the old hag. In front the way was guarded by I know
not how many watchers. And at the back was a row of desperate men—I had
seen their eyes still through the crack in the boards of the floor, when
last I looked—as they lay prone waiting for the signal to start erect.
If it was to be ever, now for it!</p>
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