<p><SPAN name="link2H_4_0039" id="link2H_4_0039"></SPAN></p>
<h2> LETTER XXXVII </h2>
<h3> LONDON, April 26, O. S. 1748. </h3>
<p>DEAR BOY: I am extremely pleased with your continuation of the history of
the Reformation; which is one of those important eras that deserves your
utmost attention, and of which you cannot be too minutely informed. You
have, doubtless, considered the causes of that great event, and observed
that disappointment and resentment had a much greater share in it, than a
religious zeal or an abhorrence of the errors and abuses of popery.</p>
<p>Luther, an Augustine monk, enraged that his order, and consequently
himself, had not the exclusive privilege of selling indulgences, but that
the Dominicans were let into a share of that profitable but infamous
trade, turns reformer, and exclaims against the abuses, the corruption,
and the idolatry, of the church of Rome; which were certainly gross enough
for him to have seen long before, but which he had at least acquiesced in,
till what he called the rights, that is, the profit, of his order came to
be touched. It is true, the church of Rome furnished him ample matter for
complaint and reformation, and he laid hold of it ably.</p>
<p>This seems to me the true cause of that great and necessary, work; but
whatever the cause was, the effect was good; and the Reformation spread
itself by its own truth and fitness; was conscientiously received by great
numbers in Germany, and other countries; and was soon afterward mixed up
with the politics of princes; and, as it always happens in religious
disputes, became the specious covering of injustice and ambition.</p>
<p>Under the pretense of crushing heresy, as it was called, the House of
Austria meant to extend and establish its power in the empire; as, on the
other hand, many Protestant princes, under the pretense of extirpating
idolatry, or at least of securing toleration, meant only to enlarge their
own dominions or privileges. These views respectively, among the chiefs on
both sides, much more than true religious motives, continued what were
called the religious wars in Germany, almost uninterruptedly, till the
affairs of the two religions were finally settled by the treaty of
Munster.</p>
<p>Were most historical events traced up to their true causes, I fear we
should not find them much more noble or disinterested than Luther's
disappointed avarice; and therefore I look with some contempt upon those
refining and sagacious historians, who ascribe all, even the most common
events, to some deep political cause; whereas mankind is made up of
inconsistencies, and no man acts invariably up to his predominant
character. The wisest man sometimes acts weakly, and the weakest sometimes
wisely. Our jarring passions, our variable humors, nay, our greater or
lesser degree of health and spirits, produce such contradictions in our
conduct, that, I believe, those are the oftenest mistaken, who ascribe our
actions to the most seemingly obvious motives; and I am convinced, that a
light supper, a good night's sleep, and a fine morning, have sometimes
made a hero of the same man, who, by an indigestion, a restless night, and
rainy morning, would, have proved a coward. Our best conjectures,
therefore, as to the true springs of actions, are but very uncertain; and
the actions themselves are all that we must pretend to know from history.
That Caesar was murdered by twenty-three conspirators, I make no doubt:
but I very much doubt that their love of liberty, and of their country,
was their sole, or even principal motive; and I dare say that, if the
truth were known, we should find that many other motives at least
concurred, even in the great Brutus himself; such as pride, envy, personal
pique, and disappointment. Nay, I cannot help carrying my Pyrrhonism still
further, and extending it often to historical facts themselves, at least
to most of the circumstances with which they are related; and every day's
experience confirms me in this historical incredulity. Do we ever hear the
most recent fact related exactly in the same way, by the several people
who were at the same time eyewitnesses of it? No. One mistakes, another
misrepresents, and others warp it a little to their own, turn of mind, or
private views. A man who has been concerned in a transaction will not
write it fairly; and a man who has not, cannot. But notwithstanding all
this uncertainty, history is not the less necessary to be known, as the
best histories are taken for granted, and are the frequent subjects both
of conversation and writing. Though I am convinced that Caesar's ghost
never appeared to Brutus, yet I should be much ashamed to be ignorant of
that fact, as related by the historians of those times. Thus the Pagan
theology is universally received as matter for writing and conversation,
though believed now by nobody; and we talk of Jupiter, Mars, Apollo, etc.,
as gods, though we know, that if they ever existed at all, it was only as
mere mortal men. This historical Pyrrhonism, then, proves nothing against
the study and knowledge of history; which, of all other studies, is the
most necessary for a man who is to live in the world. It only points out
to us, not to be too decisive and peremptory; and to be cautious how we
draw inferences for our own practice from remote facts, partially or
ignorantly related; of which we can, at best, but imperfectly guess, and
certainly not know the real motives. The testimonies of ancient history
must necessarily be weaker than those of modern, as all testimony grows
weaker and weaker, as it is more and more remote from us. I would
therefore advise you to study ancient history, in general, as other
people, do; that is, not to be ignorant of any or those facts which are
universally received, upon the faith of the best historians; and whether
true or false, you have them as other people have them. But modern
history, I mean particularly that of the last three centuries, is what I
would have you apply to with the greatest attention and exactness. There
the probability of coming at the truth is much greater, as the testimonies
are much more recent; besides, anecdotes, memoirs, and original letters,
often come to the aid of modern history. The best memoirs that I know of
are those of Cardinal de Retz, which I have once before recommended to
you; and which I advise you to read more than once, with attention. There
are many political maxims in these memoirs, most of which are printed in
italics; pray attend to, and remember them. I never read them but my own
experience confirms the truth of them. Many of them seem trifling to
people who are not used to business; but those who are, feel the truth of
them.</p>
<p>It is time to put an end to this long rambling letter; in which if any one
thing can be of use to you, it will more than pay the trouble I have taken
to write it. Adieu! Yours.</p>
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