<h2><SPAN name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></SPAN>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
<h3>NIAGARA FALLS POWER—INTRODUCTION.</h3>
<p>As our readers know, Niagara Falls is situated
upon the Niagara River, which is the
connecting-link between Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario. The surface of Lake Erie lies 330
feet above that of Lake Ontario. The high
level upon which Lake Erie is situated abruptly
terminates at Queenstown, which is
near the point where the Niagara River empties
into Lake Ontario. From Lake Erie to
the falls the level of the river is gradually lowered
a little less than 100 feet, and most of
this (making "the rapids") occurs in the last
mile above the point where it takes a perpendicular
plunge of 165 feet into a narrow gorge
extending for seven miles, through which the
river runs, gradually falling also 100 feet in
that distance. The river above the falls is
broad, varying from one to three miles in
width, but below that point it is suddenly narrowed
up to a distance of from 200 to 400
yards.</p>
<p>It is supposed that at one time the fall was
situated at the bluff overlooking Queenstown,<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></SPAN></span>
near Lake Ontario, and at that time was very
much higher than it is at present. Through
long ages of time the water has gradually
eaten away the rock, thus forming the gorge.
It is estimated by different geologists that the
time required to wear away the rock back to
the present position of the fall has required
from 15,000 to 35,000 years. Some authorities
place the rate of wear at three feet per annum
and others not more than one. It is well
known, however, that this erosion is constantly
going on, and if nothing is done to check it the
time will come when the gorge will extend up
to Lake Erie and drain it, practically, to the
bottom. This is a matter, however, that the
people of this and those of several succeeding
generations need not worry about.</p>
<p>In the early days, before the country was
settled and the banks of the river were lined
with trees, and no houses, hotels or horse-cars
were to be seen; when the puffing of the locomotive
was not heard echoing from shore to
shore; when no bridges spanned the river to
mar its beauty, and when nature was the only
architect and beautifier, Niagara Falls must
have been one of the most attractive spots on
the earth; at least it is the place of all places
where the mighty energies of nature are gathered
together in one grand exhibition of sublime
power. Here for ages this same grand
exhibition had been going on, and although<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></SPAN></span>
there was no human eye to see it, those of us
who believe that nature is not a thing of
chance, but that it was planned by an intelligence
infinitely superior to that of any man,
can easily imagine that the Great Architect
and beautifier of this same nature, not only
plans but enjoys the work of His own hand.
Why not? For ages the same sun, in his daily
round, has reflected that beautifully colored
rainbow, here the product of sunshine and mist.
The same water, through these successive ages,
has been lifted to the clouds by the power
of the sun's rays, and has been carried back
to the fountain-heads on the wings of the
wind, and there has been condensed into raindrops,
that have fallen on land, lake and river,
and in turn has been carried over this same
waterfall in its onward course toward the sea,
only again to be caught up into the clouds;
and thus through an eternal round it has been
kept moving by that mighty engine of nature,
the sun. It is said that "the mill will never
grind with the water that has passed." This
is true only in poetry. As a matter of fact,
"the water that has passed" may often return
to help the mill to grind again.</p>
<p>Water-powers have been utilized in a small
way for many years for the purpose of generating
electricity through the medium of the
dynamo, but nowhere in the world has the application
of the force been made for this pur<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></SPAN></span>pose
on such a grand scale as at Niagara Falls.
When one stands on the bank of the river and
sees the great waterfall as it plunges over the
precipice, exerting a force of from five to ten
million horse-power, one is overwhelmed in
contemplation of its possibilities as a source
of energy that may be converted into work,
mechanical and chemical, through the medium
of electricity.</p>
<p>The genius of man has devised a way by
which some of this constantly wasting energy
may be converted into electricity and distributed
to different points to perform various
kinds of work. But the amount utilized as
yet is scarcely a drop when compared with that
which might be if the whole torrent could be
set to work in the same manner as a very
small portion of it now is.</p>
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