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Makers of Many Things

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<SPAN name="startofbook"></SPAN> <h1>MAKERS OF MANY THINGS</h1> <h2>by EVA MARCH TAPPAN, <span class="smcap">Ph.D.</span></h2> <SPAN name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></SPAN> <h2>PREFACE</h2> <p>The four books of this series have been written not merely to provide agreeable reading matter for children, but to give them information. When a child can look at a steel pen not simply as an article furnished by the city for his use, but rather as the result of many interesting processes, he has made a distinct growth in intelligence. When he has begun to apprehend the fruitfulness of the earth, both above ground and below, and the best way in which its products may be utilized and carried to the places where they are needed, he has not only acquired a knowledge of many kinds of industrial life which may help him to choose his life-work wisely from among them, but he has learned the dependence of one person upon other persons, of one part of the world upon other parts, and the necessity of peaceful intercourse. Best of all, he has learned to see. Wordsworth's familiar lines say of a man whose eyes had not been opened,—</p> <div class="block"> <div class="verse"> "A primrose by a river's brim<br/> A yellow primrose was to him,<br/> And it was nothing more."</div> </div> <p>These books are planned to show the children that there is "something more"; to broaden their horizon; to reveal to them what invention has accomplished and what wide room for invention still remains; to teach them that reward comes to the man  <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv"></SPAN></span> who improves his output beyond the task of the moment; and that success is waiting, not for him who works because he must, but for him who works because he may.</p> <p>Acknowledgment is due to the Diamond Match Company, Hood Rubber Company, S. D. Warren Paper Company, The Riverside Press, E. Faber, C. Howard Hunt Pen Company, Waltham Watch Company, Mark Cross Company, I. Prouty & Company, Cheney Brothers, and others, whose advice and criticism have been of most valuable aid in the preparation of this volume.</p> <p class="indr"> <span class="smcap">Eva March Tappan.</span></p> <hr class="major" /> <div>  <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></SPAN></span> <SPAN name="MAKERS_OF_MANY_THINGS" id="MAKERS_OF_MANY_THINGS"></SPAN> <SPAN name="THE_LITTLE_FRICTION_MATCH" id="THE_LITTLE_FRICTION_MATCH"></SPAN></div> <h2>I <br/><br/> THE LITTLE FRICTION MATCH</h2> <p>I remember being once upon a time ten miles from a store and one mile from a neighbor; the fire had gone out in the night, and the last match failed to blaze. We had no flint and steel. We were neither Indians nor Boy Scouts, and we did not know how to make a fire by twirling a stick. There was nothing to do but to trudge off through the snow to the neighbor a mile away and beg some matches. Then was the time when we appreciated the little match and thought with profound respect of the men who invented and perfected it.</p> <p>It is a long way from the safe and reliable match of to-day back to the splinters that were soaked in chemicals and sold together with little bottles of sulphuric acid. The splinter was expected to blaze when dipped into the acid. Sometimes it did blaze, and sometimes it did not; but it was reasonably certain how the acid would behave, for it would always sputter and do its best to spoil some one's clothes. Nevertheless, even such matches as these were  <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></SPAN></span> regarded as a wonderful convenience, and were sold at five dollars a hundred. With the next kind of match that appeared, a piece of folded sandpaper was sold, and the buyer was told to pinch it hard and draw the match through the fold. These matches were amazingly cheap—eighty-four of them for only twenty-five cents! There have been all sorts of odd matches. One kind actually had a tiny glass ball at the end full of sulphuric acid. To light this, you had to pinch the ball and the acid that was thus let out acted upon the other chemicals on the match and kindled it—or was expected to kindle it, which was not always the same thing.</p> <p>Making matches is a big business, even if one hundred of them are sold for a cent. It is estimated that on an average each person uses seven matches every day. To provide so many would require some seven hundred million matches a day in this country alone. It seems like a very simple matter to cut a splinter of wood, dip it into some chemicals, and pack it into a box for sale; and it would be simple if it were all done by hand, but the matches would also be irregular and extremely expensive. The way to make anything cheap and uniform is to manufacture it by machinery.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/p02_match_machine.jpg" width-obs="330" height-obs="525" alt="THE ENDLESS MATCH MACHINE" /> <span class="caption">THE ENDLESS MATCH MACHINE<br/> <br/> The match splints are set in tiny holes like pins in a pincushion, and the belt revolves, passing their heads through various chemicals.</span></div> <p>The first step in making matches is to select some white-pine plank of good quality and cut it into blocks of the proper size. These are fed into a machine which sends sharp dies through them and thus cuts the match splints. Over the splint cutter a carrier chain is continuously moving, and into holes in this chain the ends of the match splints are forced at the rate of ten or twelve thousand a minute.</p> <p>The splints remain in the chain for about an hour, and during this hour all sorts of things happen to them. First, they are dipped into hot paraffin wax, because this will light even more easily than wood. As soon as the wax is dry, the industrious chain carries them over a dipping-roll covered with a layer consisting partly of glue and rosin. Currents of air now play upon the splint, and in about ten minutes the glue and rosin on one end of it have hardened into a hard bulb. It is not a match yet by any means, for scratching it would not make it light. The phosphorus which is to make it into a match is on another dipping-roll. This is sesqui-sulphide of phosphorus. The common yellow phosphorus is poisonous, and workmen in match factories where it was used were in danger of suffering from a terrible disease of the jaw bone. At length it was discovered that sesqui-sulphide of phosphorus would make just as good matches and was harmless. Our largest match company held the patent giving them the exclusive right to certain processes by which the sesqui-sulphide was made; and this patent they generously gave up to the people of the United States.</p> <p>After the splints have been dipped into the preparation of phosphorus, they are carried about on the chain vertically, horizontally, on the outside of some wheels and the inside of others, and through currents of air. Then they are turned over to a chain divided into sections which carries them to a packing-machine. This machine packs them into boxes, a certain number in each box, and they are slid down to girls who make the boxes into packages. These are put into wooden containers and are ready for sale.</p> <p>As in most manufactures, these processes must be carried on with great care and exactness. The wood must be carefully selected and of straight grain, the dipping-rolls must be kept covered with a fresh supply of composition, and its depth must be always uniform. Even the currents of air in which the splints are dried must be just warm enough to dry them and just moist enough not to dry them too rapidly.</p> <p>The old sulphur matches made in "card and block" can no longer be bought in this country; the safety match has taken their place. One kind of safety match has the phosphorus on the box and the other igniting substances on the match, so that the match will not light unless it is scratched on the box; but this kind has never been a favorite in the United States. The second kind, the one generally used, may be struck anywhere, but these matches are safe because even stepping upon one will not light it; it must be scratched.</p> <p>A match is a little thing, but nothing else can do its work.</p> <hr class="major" /> <div>  <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></SPAN></span> <SPAN name="ABOUT_INDIA_RUBBER" id="ABOUT_INDIA_RUBBER"></SPAN></div> <div style="break-after:column;"></div><br />

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