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Wood and Garden: Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur

<hr style="width: 65%;" /><div class="pagenum">[271]</div> <h2>CHAPTER XXIV</h2> <h4>MASTERS AND MEN</h4> Now that the owners of good places are for the most part taking a newly-awakened and newly-educated pleasure in the better ways of gardening, a frequent source of difficulty arises from the ignorance and obstructiveness of gardeners. The owners have become aware that their gardens may be sources of the keenest pleasure. The gardener may be an excellent man, perfectly understanding the ordinary routine of garden work; he may have been many years in his place; it is his settled home, and he is getting well on into middle life; but he has no understanding of the new order of things, and when the master, perfectly understanding what he is about, desires that certain things shall be done, and wishes to enjoy the pleasure of directing the work himself, and seeing it grow under his hand, he resents it as an interference, and becomes obstructive, or does what is required in a spirit of such sullen acquiescence that it is equal to open opposition. And I have seen so many gardens and gardeners that I have come to recognise certain types; and this one, among men of a certain age, is unfortunately frequent. [272]Various degrees of ignorance and narrow-mindedness must no doubt be expected among the class that produces private gardeners. Their general education is not very wide to begin with, and their training is usually all in one groove, and the many who possess a full share of vanity get to think that, because they have exhausted the obvious sources of experience that have occurred within their reach, there is nothing more to learn, or to know, or to see, or to feel, or to enjoy. It is in this that the difficulty lies. The man has no doubt done his best through life; he has performed his duties well and faithfully, and can render a good account of his stewardship. It is no fault of his that more means of enlarging his mind have not been within his grasp, and, to a certain degree, he may be excused for not understanding that there is anything beyond; but if he is naturally vain and stubborn his case is hopeless. If, on the other hand, he is wise enough to know that he does not know everything, and modest enough to acknowledge it, as do all the greatest and most learned of men, he will then be eager to receive new and enlarged impressions, and his willing and intelligent co-operation will be a new source of interest in life both to himself and his employer, as well as a fresh spring of vitality in the life of the garden. I am speaking of the large middle class of private gardeners, not of those of the highest rank, who have among them men of good education and a large measure of refinement. From among these I [273]think of the late Mr. Ingram of the Belvoir Castle gardens, with regret as for a personal friend, and also as of one who was a true garden artist. But most people who have fair-sized gardens have to do with the middle class of gardener, the man of narrow mental training. The master who, after a good many years of active life, is looking forward to settling in his home and improving and enjoying his garden, has had so different a training, a course of teaching so immeasurably wider and more enlightening. As a boy he was in a great public school, where, by wholesome friction with his fellows, he had any petty or personal nonsense knocked out of him while still in his early "teens." Then he goes to college, and whether studiously inclined or not, he is already in the great world, always widening his ideas and experience. Then perhaps he is in one of the active professions, or engaged in scientific or intellectual research, or in diplomacy, his ever-expanding intelligence rubbing up against all that is most enlightened and astute in men, or most profoundly inexplicable in matter. He may be at the same time cultivating his taste for literature and the fine arts, searching the libraries and galleries of the civilised world for the noblest and most divinely-inspired examples of human work, seeing with an eye that daily grows more keenly searching, and receiving and holding with a brain that ever gains a firmer grasp, and so acquires some measure of the higher critical faculty. He sees the ruined gardens of [274]antiquity, colossal works of the rulers of Imperial Rome, and the later gardens of the Middle Ages (direct descendants of those greater and older ones), some of them still among the most beautiful gardens on earth. He sees how the taste for gardening grew and travelled, spreading through Europe and reaching England, first, no doubt, through her Roman invaders. He becomes more and more aware of what great and enduring happiness may be enjoyed in a garden, and how all that he can learn of it in the leisure intervals of his earlier maturity, and then in middle life, will help to brighten his later days, when he hopes to refine and make better the garden of the old home by a reverent application of what he has learnt. He thinks of the desecrated old bowling-green, cut up to suit the fashion of thirty years ago into a patchwork of incoherent star and crescent shaped beds; of how he will give it back its ancient character of unbroken repose; he thinks how he will restore the string of fish-ponds in the bottom of the wooded valley just below, now a rushy meadow with swampy hollows that once were ponds, and humpy mounds, ruins of the ancient dikes; of how the trees will stand reflected in the still water; and how he will live to see again in middle hours of summer days, as did the monks of old, the broad backs of the golden carp basking just below the surface of the sun-warmed water. And such a man as this comes home some day and finds the narrow-minded gardener, who believes that he already knows all that can be known about gardening, [275]who thinks that the merely technical part, which he perfectly understands, is all that there is to be known and practised, and that his crude ideas about arrangement of flowers are as good as those of any one else. And a man of this temperament cannot be induced to believe, and still less can he be made to understand, that all that he knows is only the means to a further and higher end, and that what he can show of a completed garden can only reach to an average dead-level of dulness compared with what may come of the life-giving influence of one who has the mastery of the higher garden knowledge. Moreover, he either forgets, or does not know, what is the main purpose of a garden, namely, that it is to give its owner the best and highest kind of earthly pleasure. Neither is he enlightened enough to understand that the master can take a real and intelligent interest in planning and arranging, and in watching the working out in detail. His small-minded vanity can only see in all this a distrust in his own powers and an intentional slight cast on his ability, whereas no such idea had ever entered the master's mind. Though there are many of this kind of gardener (and with their employers, if they have the patience to retain them in their service, I sincerely condole), there are happily many of a widely-different nature, whose minds are both supple and elastic and intelligently receptive, who are eager to learn and to try what has not yet come within the range of their experience, [276]who show a cheerful readiness to receive a fresh range of ideas, and a willing alacrity in doing their best to work them out. Such a servant as this warms his master's heart, and it would do him good to hear, as I have many times heard, the terms in which the master speaks of him. For just as the educated man feels contempt for the vulgar pretension that goes with any exhibition of ignorant vanity, so the evidence of the higher qualities commands his respect and warm appreciation. Among the gardeners I have known, five such men come vividly to my recollection—good men all, with a true love of flowers, and its reflection of happiness written on their kindly faces. But then, on the other hand, frequent causes of irritation arise between master and man from the master's ignorance and unreasonable demands. For much as the love of gardening has grown of late, there are many owners who have no knowledge of it whatever. I have more than once had visitors who complained of their gardeners, as I thought quite unreasonably, on their own showing. For it is not enough to secure the services of a thoroughly able man, and to pay good wages, and to provide every sort of appliance, if there is no reasonable knowledge of what it is right and just to expect. I have known a lady, after paying a round of visits in great houses, complain of her gardener. She had seen at one place remarkably fine forced strawberries, at another some phenomenal frame Violets, and at a third immense [277]Malmaison Carnations; whereas her own gardener did not excel in any of these, though she admitted that he was admirable for Grapes and Chrysanthemums. "If the others could do all these things to perfection," she argued, "why could not he do them?" She expected her gardener to do equally well all that she had seen best done in the other big places. It was in vain that I pleaded in defence of her man that all gardeners were human creatures, and that it was in the nature of such creatures to have individual aptitudes and special preferences, and that it was to be expected that each man should excel in one thing, or one thing at a time, and so on; but it was of no use, and she would not accept any excuse or explanation. I remember another example of a visitor who had a rather large place, and a gardener who had as good a knowledge of hardy plants as one could expect. My visitor had lately got the idea that he liked hardy flowers, though he had scarcely thrown off the influence of some earlier heresy which taught that they were more or less contemptible—the sort of thing for cottage gardens; still, as they were now in fashion, he thought he had better have them. We were passing along my flower-border, just then in one of its best moods of summer beauty, and when its main occupants, three years planted, had come to their full strength, when, speaking of a large flower-border he had lately had made, he said, "I told my fellow last autumn to get anything he liked, and yet it is perfectly wretched. [278]It is not as if I wanted anything out of the way; I only want a lot of common things like that," waving a hand airily at my precious border, while scarcely taking the trouble to look at it. And I have had another visitor of about the same degree of appreciative insight, who, contemplating some cherished garden picture, the consummation of some long-hoped-for wish, the crowning joy of years of labour, said, "Now look at that; it is just right, and yet it is quite simple—there is absolutely nothing in it; now, why can't my man give me that?" I am far from wishing to disparage or undervalue the services of the honest gardener, but I think that on this point there ought to be the clearest understanding; that the master must not expect from the gardener accomplishments that he has no means of acquiring, and that the gardener must not assume that his knowledge covers all that can come within the scope of the widest and best practice of his craft. There are branches of education entirely out of his reach that can be brought to bear upon garden planning and arrangement down to the very least detail. What the educated employer who has studied the higher forms of gardening can do or criticise, he cannot be expected to do or understand; it is in itself almost the work of a lifetime, and only attainable, like success in any other fine art, by persons of, firstly, special temperament and aptitude; and, secondly, by their unwearied study and closest application. [279]But the result of knowledge so gained shows itself throughout the garden. It may be in so simple a thing as the placing of a group of plants. They can be so placed by the hand that knows, that the group is in perfect drawing in relation to what is near; while by the ordinary gardener they would be so planted that they look absurd, or unmeaning, or in some way awkward and unsightly. It is not enough to cultivate plants well; they must also be used well. The servant may set up the canvas and grind the colours, and even set the palette, but the master alone can paint the picture. It is just the careful and thoughtful exercise of the higher qualities that makes a garden interesting, and their absence that leaves it blank, and dull, and lifeless. I am heartily in sympathy with the feeling described in these words in a friend's letter, "I think there are few things so interesting as to see in what way a person, whose perceptions you think fine and worthy of study, will give them expression in a garden." <hr style="width: 65%;" /><div class="pagenum">[280]</div> <h2>INDEX</h2> Adonis vernalis, 52 Alcohol, its gravestone, 12 Alexandrian laurel, 16 Alstr�merias, best kinds, how to plant, 92 Amelanchier, 52, 182 Ampelopsis, 43 Andromeda Catesb�i, 37; A. floribunda and A. japonica, 50; autumn colouring, 128, 165 Anemone fulgens, 57; japonica, 109, 207 Aponogeton, 194 Apple, Wellington, 12; apple-trees, beauty of form, 25 Aristolochia Sipho, 43 Arnebia echioides, 56 Aromatic plants, 235 Artemisia Stelleriana, 104 Arum, wild, leaves with cut daffodils, 58 Auriculas, 54; seed stolen by mice, 260 Autumn-sown annuals, 113 Azaleas, arrangement for colour, 69; A. occidentalis, 70; autumn colouring, 128; as trained for shows, 246 Bambusa Ragamowski, 102 Beauty of woodland in winter, 7, 153 Beauty the first aim in gardening, 2, 196, 244, 248, 253, 254 Bedding-out as a fashion, 263 and onward; bedding rightly used, 265 Berberis for winter decoration, 16; its many merits, 21 Bignonia radicans, large-flowered variety, 110 Birch, its graceful growth, 8; colour of bark, 9; fragrance in April, 51; grouped with holly, 152 Bird-cherry, 182 Bitton, Canon Ellacombe's garden at, 206 Blue-eyed Mary, 44 Books on gardening, 192 and onward Border plants, their young growth in April, 51 Bracken, 87; cut into layering-pegs, 98; careful cutting, 99; when at its best to cut, 106; autumn colouring, 127 Bramble, colour of leaves in winter, 20; in forest groups, 44; in orchard, 181; American kinds, 182 Briar roses, 80, 104 Bryony, the two wild kinds, 43 Bulbous plants, early blooming, how best to plant, 49 Bullfinch, a garden enemy, 262 Butcher's broom, 151 [281]Cactus, hardy, on rock-wall, 119 Caltha palustris, 52 Campanula rapunculus, 257 Cardamine trifoliata, 50 Carnations, 94; at shows, 243 Caryopteris mastacanthus, 102 Ceanothus, Gloire de Versailles, 205 Cheiranthus, alpine kinds, 62 Chimonanthus fragrans, 229 Chionodoxa sardensis and C. Lucilli�, 32 Choisya ternata, 63, 71, 205 Christmas rose, giant kind, 144 Chrysanthemums, hardy kinds, 144; as trained at shows, 245 Cistus laurifolius, 37; C. florentinus, 101; C. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'ladaniferns'">ladaniferus</ins>, 102, 206 Claret vine, 110 Clematis cirrhosa, 14; C. flammula when to train, 24; wild clematis in trees and hedges, 43; C. montana, 71, 203; C. Davidiana, 95, 205 Clergymen as gardeners, 175 Clerodendron f&oelig;tidum, 110, 206 Climbing plants, 202; for pergola, 215 Colour, of woodland in winter, 19; of leaves of some garden plants, 21; colour-grouping of rhododendrons, 66; of azaleas, 69; colour of foliage of tree p�onies, 73; colour arrangement in the flower-border, 89, 109, 207; colour of bracken in October, 127; of azaleas and andromedas in autumn, 128; of bark of holly, 152; study of, 197; of flowers, how described, 221 and onward Copse-cutting, 166 Corchorus japonicus, 50 Coronilla varia, 259 Corydalis capnoides, 50 Cottage gardens, 4, 185; roses in, 79 Cottager's way of protecting tender plants, 91 Cowslips, 59 Crinums, 206 Crinums, hybrid, 110, 119; protecting, 146 Crocuses, eaten by pheasants, 261 Daffodils in the copse, 34; planted in old pack-horse tracks, 48 Dahlias, staking, 114; digging up, 133 Delphiniums, 89; grown from seed, 90; D. Belladonna, 91 Dentaria pinnata, 46 Deutzia parviflora, 103 Digging up plants, 139 Discussions about treatment of certain plants, 3 Dividing tough-rooted plants, 53; spring-blooming plants, 85; how often, 136; suitable tools, 136 and onward Dog-tooth violets, 33, 47 Doronicum, 53 Dressing of show flowers, 243 Dried flowers, 17 Dwarfing annuals, 249 Edwardsia grandiflora, 206 Elder trees, 83; elder-wine, 84 Epilobium angustifolium, white variety, 86 Epimedium pinnatum, 16, 46 Erinus alpinus, sown in rock-wall, 121 Eryngium giganteum, 93; E. maritimum, 93; E. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Olivieranum'">Oliverianum</ins>, 93, 209. Eulalia japonica, flowers dried, 17 [282]Evergreen branches for winter decoration, 16 Everlasting pea, dividing and propagating, 138 Experimental planting, 183 Felling trees, 162 Fern Filix f&oelig;mina in rhododendron beds, 37, 106; Dicksonia punctilobulata, 62; ferns in rock-wall, 120; polypody, 121, 165 Fern-pegs for layering carnations, 98 Fern-walk, suitable plants among groups of ferns, 107 Flower border, 133, 200 Forms of deciduous trees, beauty of, 25 Forsythia suspensa and F. viridissima, 50 Forget-me-not, large kind, 53 Foxgloves, 270 Fungi, Amanita, Boletus, Chantarelle, 111 Funkia grandiflora, 212 Galax aphylla, colour of leaves in winter, 21 Gale, broad-leaved, 101 Garden friends, 194 Garden houses, 215 Gardening, a fine art, 197 Garrya elliptica, 202 Gaultheria Shallon, value for cutting, 16; in rock-garden, 165 Geraniums as bedding plants, 266 and onward Gourds, as used by Mrs. Earle, 18 Goutweed, 257 Grape hyacinths, 49, 258 Grass, Sheep's-fescue, 69 Grasses for lawn, 147 Grey-foliaged plants, 207 Grouping plants that bloom together, 70 Grubbing, 160; tools, 150, 261 Guelder-rose as a wall-plant, 71; single kind, 129 Gypsophila paniculata, 95, 209 Half-hardy border plants in August, 108, 210 Happiness in gardening, 1, 274 Hares, as depredators, 260 Heath sods for protecting tender plants, 91 Heaths, filling up Rhododendron beds, 37; wild heath among azaleas, 69; cut short in paths, 70; ling, 106 Hellebores, caulescent kinds in the nut-walk, 9; for cutting, 57, 144; buds stolen by mice, 260. Heuchera Richardsoni, 53, 135 Holly, beauty in winter, 8; grouped with birch, 152; cheerful aspect, 154 Hollyhocks, the prettiest shape, 105 Honey-suckle, wild, 43 Hoof-parings as manure, 133 Hoop-making, 166, and onward Hop, wild, 43 Hutchinsia alpina, 50 Hyacinth (wild) in oak-wood, 60 Hydrangeas, protecting, 146; at foot of wall, 206 Hyssop, a good wall-plant, 121 Iris alata, 14; I. f&oelig;tidissima, 120; I. pallida, 129 Iris stylosa, how to plant, 13; white variety, 14; time of blooming, 33, 164 Ivy, shoots for cutting, 17 [283]Japan Privet, foliage for winter decoration, 16 Japan Quince (Cydonia or Pyrus), 50 Jasminum nudiflorum, 164 Junction of garden and wood, 34, 270 Juniper, its merits, 26; its form, action of snow, 27; power of recovery from damage, 29; beauty of colouring, 30; stems in winter dress, 31; in a wild valley, 154, and onward Kitchen-garden, 179; its sheds, 179, 180 Larch, sweetness in April, 51 Large gardens, 176 Lavender, when to cut, 105 Lawn-making, 146; lawn spaces, 177, 178 Leaf mould, 149 Learning, 5, 189, 190, 273 Lessons of the garden, 6; in wild-tree planting, 154; in orchard planting, 183; of the show-table, 241 Leucojum vernum, 33 Leycesteria formosa, 100 Lilacs, suckers, as strong feeders, good kinds, 23; standards best, 24 Lilium auratum among rhododendrons, 37, 106; among bamboos, 106 Lilium giganteum, 95; cultivation needed in poor soil, 142 Lilium Harrisi and L. speciosum, 106 Lily of the valley in the copse, 61 Linaria repens, 259 London Pride in the rock-wall, 120 Loquat, 204 Love-in-a-mist, 251 Love of gardening, 1 Luzula sylvatica, 61 Magnolia, branches indoors in winter, 16; magnolia stellata, 50; kinds in the choice shrub-bank, 101 Mai-trank, 60 Marking trees for cutting, 151 Marsh marigold, 52 Masters and men, 271 Mastic, 102 Meconopsis Wallichi, 165 Medlar, 129 Megaseas, colour of foliage, 17; M. ligulata, 103; in front edge of flower-border, 211 Mertensia virginica, 46; sowing the seed, 84 Mice, 260, 261 Michaelmas daisies, a garden to themselves, 125; planting and staking, 126; early kinds in mixed border, 135 Mixed planting, 183; mixed border, 206 Morells, 59 Mulleins (V. olympicum and V. phlomoides), 85; mullein-moth, 86, 270 Muscari of kinds, 49 Musical reverberation in wood of Scotch fir, 60 Myosotis sylvatica major, 53 Nandina domestica, 206 Narcissus cernuus, 12; N. serotinus, 14; N. princeps and N. Horsfieldi in the copse, 48 Nature's planting, 154 Nettles, to destroy, 259 Novelty, 249 Nut nursery at Calcot, 11 Nut-walk, 9; catkins, 11; suckers, 11 [284]Oak timber, felling, 60 Old wall, 72, 116 and onward Omphalodes verna, 45 Ophiopogon spicatum for winter cutting, 16 Orchard, ornamental, 181 Orobus vernus, 52; O. aurantiacus, 62 Othonna cheirifolia, 63 P�onies and Lent Hellebores grown together, 76 P�ony moutan grouped with Clematis montana, 70; special garden for p�onies, 72; frequent sudden deaths, 73; varieties of P. albiflora, 74; old garden kinds, 75; p�ony species desirable for garden use, 75 Pansies as cut flowers, 57; at shows, 243 Parkinson's chapter on carnations, 94 Pavia macrostachya, 103 Pea, white everlasting, 95 Pergola, 212 Pernettya, 165 Pests, bird, beast, and insect, 259 Phacelia campanularia, 63 Pheasants, as depredators, 261; destroying crocuses, 261 Philadelphus microphyllus, 103 Phlomis fruticosa, 103 Phloxes, 135 Piptanthus nepalensis, 63, 206 Planes pollarded, 215 Planting early, 129; careful planting, 130; planting from pots, 131; careful tree planting, 148 Platycodon Mariesi, 108 Plume hyacinth, 49 Polygala cham�buxus, 164 Polygonum compactum, 136; Sieboldi, 258 "Pot-pourri from a Surrey garden," 18 Primroses, white and lilac, 44; large bunch-flowered kinds as cut flowers, 58; seedlings planted out, 85; primrose garden, 216 Primula denticulata, 184 Progress in gardening, 249 Prophet-flower (Arnebia), 56 Protecting tender plants, 145 Pterocephalus parnassi, 107 Pyrus Maulei, 50 Queen wasps, 63 Quince, 128 Rabbits, 260 Ranunculus montanus, 50 Raphiolepis ovata, 204 Rhododendrons, variation in foliage, 35; R. multum maculatum, 35; plants to fill bare spaces among, 37; arrangement for colour, 64 and onward; hybrid of R. Aucklandi, 69; alpine, 165 Ribbon border, 266 Ribes, 50 Robinia hispida, 203 Rock garden, making and renewing, 115 Rock-wall, 116 and onward Rosemary, 204 Roses, pruning, tying, and training, 38; fence planted with free roses, 38; Reine Olga de Wurtemburg, 38; climbing and rambling roses, 39; Fortune's yellow, Banksian, 40; wild roses, 43; garden roses: Provence, moss, damask, R. alba, 78; roses in cottage gardens, ramblers and fountains, 79; free growth of Rosa polyantha, 80; two good, free roses for cutting, 80; Burnet [285]rose and Scotch briars, Rosa lucida, 81; tea roses: best kinds for light soil, pegging, pruning, 82; roses collected in Capri, 105; second bloom of tea roses, 110; jam made of hips of R. rugosa, 111, 184; R. arvensis, garden form of, 129; R. Boursault elegans, 192; China, 205; their scents, 235 Ruscus aculeatus, 151; R. racemosus, 152 Ruta patavina, a late-flowering rock-plant, 107 Sambucus ebulis, 258 Satin-leaf (Heuchera Richardsoni), 53 Scilla maritima, 14; S. sibirica, S. bifolia, 32 Scents of flowers, 229 and onward Scotch fir, pollen, 53; cones opening, 54; effect of sound in fir-wood, 60 Show flowers, 242 Show-table, what it teaches, 241 Shrub-bank, 101; snug place for tender shrubs, 121 Shrub-wilderness of the old home, 100 Skimmeas, 101, 165 Slugs, 262 Smilacina bifolia, 61 Snapdragon, 251 Snowstorm of December 1886, 27 Snowy Mespilus (Amelanchier), 52 Solanum crispum, 204 Solomon's seal, 61 Spindle-tree, 127 Spir�a Thunbergi, 50, 104; S. prunifolia, 104 St. John's worts, choice, 103 Stephanandra flexuosa, 103 Sternbergia lutea, 139 Sticks and stakes, 163 Storms in autumn, 122 Styrax japonica, 101 Suckers of nuts, 11; robbers, how to remove, 24; on grafted rhododendrons, 36 Sunflowers, perennial, 134 Sweetbriar, rambling, 39; fragrance in April, 51 Sweet-leaved small shrubs, 34, 57, 101 Sweet peas, autumn sown, 83, 112 Thatching with hoop-chips, 169 Thinning the nut-walk, 10; thinning shrubs, 22; trees in copse, 151 Tiarella cordifolia, 53; colour of leaves in winter, 21 Tools for dividing, 136; for tree cutting and grubbing, 150; woodman's, 158; axe and wedge, 159; rollers, 160; cross-cut saw, 162 Training the eye, 4; training Clematis flammula, 24 Transplanting large trees, 147 Trillium grandiflorum, 61 Tritomas, protecting, 146 Tulips, show kinds and their origin, 55; T. retroflexa, 55; other good garden kinds, 56 Various ways of gardening, 3 Verbascum olympicum and V. phlomoides, 85 Villa garden, 171 Vinca acutiflora, 139 Vine, black Hamburg at Calcot, 12; as a wall-plant, 42; good garden kinds, 42; claret vine, 110, 205; Vitis <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Coignetti'">Coignettii</ins>, 123 [286]Violets, the pale St. Helena, 45; Czar, 140 Virginian cowslip, 46; its colouring, 47; sowing seed, 84 Wall pennywort, 120 Water-elder, a beautiful neglected shrub, 123 Weeds, 256 Wild gardening misunderstood, 269 Wilson, Mr. G. F.'s garden at Wisley, 184 Window garden, 185 Winter, beauty of woodland, 7 Wistaria chinensis, 43 Whortleberry under Scotch fir, 51, 61 Woodman at work, 158 Woodruff, 60 Wood-rush, 61, 165 Wood-work, 163 Xanthoceras sorbifolia, 103 Yellow everlasting, 120 Yuccas, some of the best kinds, 91; in flower-border, 201 <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h3>FOOTNOTE</h3> <div class="footnote">[1] The planting of large vineyards, in some cases of private enterprise, had not proved a financial success. </div> <hr style="width: 35%;" /> <h2>THE END</h2> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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