<h2><SPAN name="Chapter_II" id="Chapter_II"></SPAN><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></h2>
<h2><span class="smcap">Quarrels.</span></h2>
<p class="center">A.D. 1327</p>
<div class="sidenote">Classes of quarrels in which the kings and the people were
engaged.</div>
<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">n</span> the days of the predecessors of King Richard the Second,
notwithstanding the claim made by the kings of a right on their part
to reign on account of the influence exercised by their government in
promoting law and order throughout the community, the country was
really kept in a continual state of turmoil by the quarrels which the
different parties concerned in this government were engaged in with
each other and with surrounding nations. These quarrels were of
various kinds.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>1. The kings, as we have already seen, were perpetually
quarreling with the nobles.</p>
<p>2. The different branches of the royal family were often
engaged in bitter and cruel wars with each other, arising
from their conflicting claims to the crown.</p>
<p>3. The kings of different countries were continually making
forays into each other's territories, or waging war against
each other with fire and sword. These wars arose sometimes
from a lawless spirit of depredation, and sometimes <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></SPAN></span>were
waged to resent personal insults or injuries, real or
imaginary.</p>
<p>4. The Pope of Rome, who claimed jurisdiction over the
Church in England as well as elsewhere, was constantly
coming into collision with the civil power.</p>
</div>
<div class="sidenote">The Pope.<br/>His claim of jurisdiction in England.</div>
<p>From some one or other of these several causes, the kingdom of
England, in the time of Richard's predecessors, was seldom at peace.
Some great quarrel or other was continually going on. There was a
great deal of difficulty during the reigns that immediately preceded
that of Richard the Second between the kings and the Pope. The Pope,
as has already been remarked, was considered the head of the whole
Christian Church, and he claimed rights in respect to the appointment
of the archbishops, and bishops, and other ecclesiastics in England,
and in respect to the government and control of the monasteries, and
the abbeys, and to the appropriation and expenditure of the revenues
of the Church, which sometimes interfered very seriously with the
views and designs of the king. Hence there arose continual disputes
and quarrels. The Pope never came himself to England, but he often
sent a grand embassador, called a legate, who traveled with great pomp
and parade, and with many attendants, and assumed <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></SPAN></span>in all his doings a
most lofty and superior air. In the contests in which these legates
were engaged with the kings, the legates almost always came off
conquerors through the immense influence which the Pope exercised over
the consciences and religious fears of the mass of the people.</p>
<div class="sidenote">The Pope's legate and the students at Oxford.</div>
<p>Sometimes the visits of the legates and their proceedings among the
people led to open broils. At one time, for instance, the legate was
at Oxford, where the great University, now so renowned throughout the
world, already existed. He was lodged at an abbey there, and some of
the scholars of the University wishing to pay their respects to him,
as they said, went in a body to the gates of the abbey and demanded
admission; but the porter kept them back and refused to let them in.
Upon this a great noise and tumult arose, the students pressing
against the gates to get in, and the porter, assisted by the legate's
men, whom he called to his assistance, resisting them.</p>
<p>In the course of the fray one or two of the students succeeded in
forcing their way in as far as to the kitchen of the abbey, and there
one of them called upon a cook to help them. But the cook, instead of
helping them, dipped out a ladle full of hot broth from a kettle and
threw <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></SPAN></span>it into the student's face. Whereupon the other students cried
out, as the ancient chronicler relates it, "What meane we to suffer
this villanie," and, taking an arrow, he set it in his bow, having
caught up these weapons in the beginning of the fray, and let it fly
at the cook, and killed him on the spot.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Great riot made by the students.</div>
<p>This, of course, greatly increased the excitement. More students came
in, and so great was the tumult and confusion that the legate was in
terror for his life, and he fled and concealed himself in the belfry
of the abbey. After lying in this place of concealment for some time,
until the tumult was in some measure appeased, he crept out secretly,
fled across the Thames, and then, mounting a horse, made the best of
his way to London.</p>
<p>He made complaint to the king of the indignity which he had endured,
and the king immediately sent a troop of armed men, with an earl at
the head of them, to rescue the remainder of the legate's men that
were still imprisoned in the abbey, and also to seize all the students
that had been concerned in the riot and bring them to London. The earl
proceeded to execute his commission. He apprehended thirty of the
students, and, taking them to a neighboring castle, he shut them up
there as prisoners.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="sidenote">The end of the affair.</div>
<p>In the end, besides punishing the individual students who had made
this disturbance, the regents and masters of the University were
compelled to come to London, and there to go barefooted through the
principal street to a church where the legate was, and humbly to
supplicate his forgiveness for the indignity which he had suffered.
And so, with great difficulty, they obtained their pardon.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Plan to assassinate the king.</div>
<p>The students in those days, as students are apt to be in all countries
and in all ages, were a very impulsive, and, in some respects, a
lawless set. Whenever they deemed themselves injured, they pursued the
object of their hostility in the most reckless and relentless manner.
At one time a member of the University became so excited against the
king on account of some injury, real or imaginary, which he had
suffered, that he resolved to kill him. So he feigned himself mad, and
in this guise he loitered many days about the palace of Woodstock,
where the king was then residing, until at length he became well
acquainted with all the localities. Then, watching his opportunity, he
climbed by night through a window into a bedchamber where he thought
the king was lying. He crept up to the bedside, and, throwing back the
clothes, he stabbed several times into the bed with a <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></SPAN></span>dagger. He,
however, stabbed nothing but the bed itself, and the pillow, for the
king that night, as it happened, lay in another chamber.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Margaret, the servant-girl.<br/>Execution of Marish.</div>
<p>As the student was making his escape, he was spied by one of the
chambermaids named Margaret Biset. Margaret immediately made a great
outcry, and the other servants, coming up, seized the student and
carried him off to prison. He was afterward tried, and was convicted
of treason in having made an attempt upon the king's life, and was
hanged. Before his death he said that he had been employed to kill the
king by another man, a certain William de Marish, who was a noted and
prominent man of those days. This William de Marish was afterward
taken and brought to trial, but he solemnly denied that he had ever
instigated the student to commit the crime. He was, however, condemned
and executed, and, according to the custom in those days in the case
of persons convicted of treason, his body was subjected after his
death to extreme indignities, and then was divided into four quarters,
one of which was sent to each of the four principal cities of the
kingdom, and publicly exhibited in them as a warning to all men of the
dreadful consequences of attempting such a crime.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Ideas of the sacredness of the person of a king.</div>
<p>Great pains were taken in those days to instill <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></SPAN></span>into the minds of all
men the idea that to kill a king was the worst crime that a human
being could commit. One of the writers of the time said that in
wounding and killing a prince a man was guilty of homicide, parricide,
Christicide, and even of deicide, all in one; that is, that in the
person of a king slain by the hand of the murderer the criminal
strikes not only at a man, but at his own father, and at Christ his
Savior, and God.</p>
<p>A great many strange and superstitious notions were entertained by the
people in respect to kings. These superstitions were encouraged, even
by the scholars and historians of those times, who might be supposed
to know better. But it was so much for their interest to write what
should be agreeable to the king and to his court, that they were by no
means scrupulous in respect to the tales which they told, provided
they were likely to be pleasing to those in authority, and to
strengthen the powers and prestige of the reigning families.</p>
<hr class="medium" />
<p>The neighboring countries with which the kings of England were most
frequently at war in those days were Scotland, Wales, and France.
These wars arose, not from any causes connected with the substantial
interests of the people of <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></SPAN></span>England, but from the grasping ambition of
the kings, who wished to increase the extent of their territories, and
thus add to their revenues and to their power. Sometimes their wars
arose from private and personal quarrels, and in these cases thousands
of lives were often sacrificed, and great sums of money expended to
revenge slights or personal injuries of comparatively little
consequence.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Origin of the wars with Leolin, Prince of Wales.</div>
<p>For instance, one of the wars with Wales broke out in this manner.
Leolin, who was then the reigning Prince of Wales, sent to France, and
requested the King of France that he might have in marriage a certain
lady named Lady Eleanor, who was then residing in the French king's
court. The motive of Leolin in making this proposal was not that he
bore any love for the Lady Eleanor, for very likely he had never seen
her; but she was the daughter of an English earl named Montfort, Earl
of Leicester, who was an enemy of the King of England, and, having
been banished from the country, had taken refuge in France. Leolin
thought that by proposing and carrying into effect this marriage, he
would at once gratify the King of France and spite the King of
England.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Leolin's bride intercepted at sea.</div>
<p>The King of France at once assented to the proposed marriage, but the
King of England <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></SPAN></span>was extremely angry, and he determined to prevent the
marriage if he could. He accordingly gave the necessary orders, and
the little fleet which was sent from France to convey Eleanor to Wales
was intercepted off the Scilly Islands on the way, and the whole
bridal party were taken prisoners and sent to London.</p>
<p>As soon as Leolin heard this, he, of course, was greatly enraged, and
he immediately set off with an armed troop, and made a foray upon the
English frontiers, killing all the people that lived near the border,
plundering their property, and burning up all the towns and villages
that came in his way. There followed a long war. The English were, on
the whole, the victors in the war, and at the end of it a treaty was
made by which Leolin's wife, it is true, was restored to him, but his
kingdom was brought almost completely under the power of the English
kings.</p>
<div class="sidenote">The unhappy fate of Leolin.</div>
<p>Of course, Leolin was extremely dissatisfied with this result, and he
became more and more uneasy in the enthralled position to which the
English king had reduced him, and finally a new war broke out. Leolin
was beaten in this war too, and in the end, in a desperate battle that
was fought among the mountains, he was slain. He was slain near the
beginning of the <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></SPAN></span>battle. The man who killed him did not know at the
time who it was that he had killed, though he knew from his armor that
he was some distinguished personage or other. When the battle was
ended this man went back to the place to see, and, finding that it was
the Prince Leolin whom he had slain, he was greatly pleased. He cut
off the head from the body, and sent it as a present to the king. The
king sent the head to London, there to be paraded through the streets
on the end of a long pole as a token of victory. After being carried
in this manner through Cheapside—then the principal street of
London—in order that it might be gazed upon by all the people, it was
set up on a high pole near the Tower, and there remained a long time,
a trophy, as the king regarded it, of the glory and renown of a
victory, but really an emblem of cruel injustice and wrong perpetrated
by a strong against a weaker neighbor.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Fate of Prince David, his brother.</div>
<p>Not long after this the King of England succeeded in taking Prince
David, the brother of Leolin, and, under the pretense that he had been
guilty of treason, he cut off his head too, and set it up on another
pole at the Tower of London, by the side of his brother's.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Occasional acts of generosity.</div>
<p>It must be admitted, however, that, although these ancient warriors
were generally extremely <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></SPAN></span>unjust in their dealings with each other,
and often barbarously cruel, they were still sometimes actuated by
high and noble sentiments of honor and generosity. On one occasion,
for instance, when this same Edward the First, who was so cruel in his
treatment of Leolin, was at war in Scotland, and was besieging a
castle there, he wrote one day certain dispatches to send to his
council in London, and, having inquired for a speedy and trusty
messenger to send them by, a certain Welshman named Lewin was sent to
him. The king delivered the package to Lewin inclosed in a box, and
also gave him money to bear his expenses on the way, and then sent him
forth.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Story of Lewin and the box of dispatches.</div>
<p>Lewin, however, instead of setting out on his journey, went to a
tavern, and there, with a party of his companions, he spent the money
which he had received in drink, and passed the night carousing. In the
morning he said that he must set out on his journey, but before he
went he must go back to the castle and have one parting shot at the
garrison. Under this pretext, he took his cross-bow and proceeded
toward the castle wall; but when he got there, instead of shooting his
arrows, he called out to the wardens whom he saw on guard over the
gate, and asked them to let down a rope and <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></SPAN></span>draw him up into the
castle, as he had something of great importance to communicate to the
governor of it.</p>
<p>So the wardens let down a rope and drew Lewin up, and then took him to
the governor, who was then at breakfast. Lewin held out the box to the
governor, saying,</p>
<p>"Here, sir, look in this box, and you may read all the secrets of the
King of England."</p>
<p>He said, moreover, that he would like to have the governor give him a
place on the wall, and see whether he could handle a cross-bow or not
against the English army.</p>
<p>Gunpowder and guns had not been introduced as means of warfare at this
time; the most formidable weapon that was then employed was the
cross-bow. With the cross-bow a sort of square-headed arrow was used
called a <i>quarrel</i>.</p>
<p>The governor, instead of accepting these offers on the part of Lewin,
immediately went out to one of the turrets on the wall, and, calling
to the English soldiers whom he saw below, he directed them to tell
the King of England that one of his servants had turned traitor, and
had come into the castle with a box of dispatches.</p>
<p>"And tell him," said the governor, "that if <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></SPAN></span>he will send some persons
here to receive him, I will let the man down to them over the wall,
and also restore the box of dispatches, which I have not opened at
all."</p>
<div class="sidenote">The fate of Lewin.</div>
<p>Immediately Lord Spencer, one of the king's chief officers, came to
the wall, and the governor of the castle let Lewin down to him by a
rope, and also passed the box of letters down. The King of England was
so much pleased with this generosity on the part of the governor that
he immediately ceased his operations against the castle, though he
caused Lewin to be hanged on a gallows of the highest kind.</p>
<hr class="medium" />
<div class="sidenote3">Origin of the modern title of Prince of Wales.</div>
<p>But to return to Wales. After the death of Leolin and his brother the
kingdom of Wales was annexed to England, and has ever since remained a
possession of the British crown. The King of England partly induced
the people of Wales to consent to this annexation by promising that he
would still give them a native of Wales for prince. They thought he
meant by this that they should continue to be governed by one of their
own royal family; but what he really meant was that he would make his
own son Prince of Wales. This son of his was then an infant. He was
born in Wales. This happened from the fact that the king, in the
course <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></SPAN></span>of his conquests in that country, had seized upon a place
called Caernarvon, and had built a castle there, in a beautiful
situation on the Straits of Menai, which separate the main land from
the isle of Anglesea.</p>
<div class="sidenote">The first English Prince of Wales.</div>
<p>When his castle was finished the king brought the queen to Caernarvon
to see it, and while she was there, her child, Prince Edward, who
afterward became Edward the Second, was born.</p>
<p>This was the origin of the title of Prince of Wales, which has been
held ever since by the oldest sons of the English sovereigns.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i046.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="500" height-obs="358" alt="CAERNARVON CASTLE." title="" /> <span class="caption">CAERNARVON CASTLE.</span></div>
<div class="sidenote2">Piers Gaveston.</div>
<p>This first English Prince of Wales led a most unhappy life, and his
history illustrates in a most striking manner one of the classes of
quarrels enumerated at the head of this chapter, namely, the disputes
and contentions that often prevailed between the sovereign of the
country and his principal nobles. While he was a young man he formed a
very intimate friendship with another young man named Piers Gaveston.
This Gaveston was a remarkably handsome youth, and very prepossessing
and agreeable in his manners, and he soon gained a complete ascendency
over the mind of young Edward. He was, however, very wild and
dissolute in his habits, and the influence which he exerted upon
Edward was extremely bad. As long as the <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></SPAN></span>common people only were injured by the lawless behavior of these young
men, the king seems to have borne with them; but at last, in a riot in
which they were concerned, they broke into the park of a bishop, and
committed damage there which the king could not overlook. He caused
his son, the young prince, to be seized and put into prison, and he
banished Gaveston from the country, and forbade his son to have any
thing more to do with him. This was in 1305, when the prince was
twenty-one years of age.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Edward II. and his favorite.<br/>Their wild and reckless behavior.</div>
<p>In 1307, two years later, the king died, and the prince succeeded him,
under the title of King Edward the Second. He immediately sent for
Gaveston to return to England, where he received him with the greatest
joy. He made him a duke, under the title of Duke of Cornwall; and as
for the bishop whose park he and Gaveston had broken into, and on
whose complaint Gaveston had been banished, in order to punish him for
these offenses, the young king seized him and delivered him into
Gaveston's hands as a prisoner, and at the same time confiscated his
estates and gave them to Gaveston. Gaveston sent the bishop about from
castle to castle as a prisoner, according as his caprice or fancy
dictated.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></SPAN></span></p>
<p>These things made the barons and nobles of England extremely
indignant, for Gaveston, besides being a corrupt and dissipated
character, was, in fact, a foreigner by birth, being a native of
Gascony, in France. His character seemed to grow worse with his
exaltation, and he and Edward spent all their time in rioting and
excess, and in perpetrating every species of iniquity.</p>
<div class="sidenote">The king goes away to be married.</div>
<p>Edward had been for some time engaged to be married to the Princess
Isabel, the daughter of the King of France. About six months after his
accession to the throne he set off for France to be married. It was
his duty, according to the ancient usages of the realm, to appoint
some member of the royal family, or some prominent person from the
ancient nobility of the country, to govern the kingdom as regent
during his absence; but instead of this he put Gaveston in this place,
and clothed him with all the powers of a viceroy.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i050.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="280" height-obs="350" alt="PORTRAIT OF EDWARD THE SECOND." title="" /> <span class="caption">PORTRAIT OF EDWARD THE SECOND.</span></div>
<div class="sidenote2">Edward's indifference on the occasion of his marriage.<br/>His infatuation in respect to Gaveston.</div>
<p>Edward was married to Isabel in Paris with great pomp and parade.
Isabel was very beautiful, and was a general favorite. It is said that
there were four kings and three queens present at the marriage
ceremony. Edward, however, seemed to feel very little interest either
in his bride or in the occasion of his marriage, but manifested a great impatience to get through with the ceremonies, so
as to return to England and to Gaveston. As soon as it was possible,
he set out on his return. The bridal party were met at their landing
by Gaveston, accompanied by all the principal nobility, who came <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></SPAN></span>to
receive and welcome them at the frontier. The king was overjoyed to
see Gaveston again. He fell into his arms, hugged and kissed him, and
called him his dear brother, while, on the other hand, he took very
little notice of the nobles and high officers of state. Every body was
surprised and displeased at this behavior, but as Edward was king
there was nothing to be said or done.</p>
<div class="sidenote">The coronation.</div>
<p>Soon afterward the coronation took place, and on this occasion all the
honors were allotted to Gaveston, to the utter neglect of the ancient
and hereditary dignitaries of the realm. Gaveston carried the crown,
and walked before the king and queen, and acted in all respects as if
he were the principal personage in the country. The old nobles were,
of course, extremely indignant at this. Hitherto they had expressed
their displeasure at the king's favoritism by private murmurings and
complaints, but now, they thought, it was time to take some concerted
public action to remedy the evil; so they met together, and framed a
petition to be sent to the king, in which, though under the form of a
request, they, in fact, demanded that Gaveston should be dismissed
from his offices, and required to leave the country.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Bold and presumptuous demeanor of Gaveston.<br/>His unpopularity.</div>
<p>The king was alarmed. He, however, could <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></SPAN></span>not think of giving his
favorite up. So he said that he would return them an answer to the
petition by-and-by, and he immediately began to pursue a more
conciliatory course toward the nobles. But the effect of his attempts
at conciliation was spoiled by Gaveston's behavior. He became more and
more proud and ostentatious every day. He appeared in all public
places, and every where he took precedence of the highest nobles of
the land, and prided himself on outshining them in the pomp and parade
which he displayed. He attended all the jousts and tournaments, and,
as he was really a very handsome and well-formed man, and well skilled
in the warlike sports in fashion in those days, he bore away most of
the great prizes. He thus successfully rivaled the other nobles in
gaining the admiration of the ladies of the court and the applause of
the multitude, and made the nobles hate him more than ever.</p>
<div class="sidenote">He is banished.</div>
<p>Things went on in this way worse and worse, until at last the general
sentiment became so strong against Gaveston that the Parliament, when
it met, took a decided stand in opposition to him, and insisted that
he should be expelled from the country. A struggle followed, but the
king was obliged to yield. Gaveston was required to leave the country,
and to take an oath <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></SPAN></span>never to return. It was only on these conditions
that the Parliament would uphold the government, and thus the king saw
that he must lose either his friend or his crown.</p>
<div class="sidenote">His parting.</div>
<p>Gaveston went away. The king accompanied him to the sea-shore, and
took leave of him there in the most affectionate manner, promising to
bring him back again as soon as he could possibly do it. He
immediately began to manœuvre for the accomplishment of this
purpose. In the mean time, as Gaveston had only sworn to leave
<i>England</i>, the king sent him to Ireland, and made him governor general
of that country, and there Gaveston lived in greater power and
splendor than ever.</p>
<div class="sidenote">The Black Dog of Ardenne.<br/>Gaveston's return.</div>
<p>At length, in little more than a year, Gaveston came back. His oath
not to return was disposed of by means of a dispensation which King
Edward obtained for him from the Pope, absolving him from the
obligation of it. When he was reinstated in the king's court he
behaved more scandalously than ever. He revenged himself upon the
nobles who had been the means of sending him away by ridiculing them
and giving them nicknames. One of them he called Joseph the Jew,
because his face was pale and thin, and bore, in some respects, a
Jewish expression. Another, the Earl of Warwick, <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></SPAN></span>he called the Black
Dog of Ardenne. When the earl heard of this, he said, clenching his
fist, "Very well; I'll make him feel the Black Dog's teeth yet."</p>
<div class="sidenote">Gaveston made prisoner.</div>
<p>In a word, the nobles were excited to the greatest pitch of rage and
indignation against the favorite, and, after various struggles and
contentions between them and the king, they at length broke out into
an open revolt. The king at this time, with Gaveston and his wife,
were at Newcastle, which is in the north of England. The barons fell
upon him here with the intention of seizing Gaveston. Both the king
and Gaveston, however, succeeded in making their escape. Gaveston fled
to a castle, and shut himself up there. The king escaped by sea,
leaving his wife behind, at the mercy of the conspirators. The barons
treated the queen with respect, but they pressed on at once in pursuit
of Gaveston. They laid siege to the castle where he sought refuge.
Finding that the castle could not hold out long, Gaveston thought it
best to surrender while it yet remained in his power to make terms
with his enemies; so he agreed to give himself up, they stipulating
that they would do him no bodily harm, but only confine him, and that
the place of his confinement should be one of his own castles.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></SPAN></span></p>
<p>When he came down into the court-yard of the castle, after signing
this stipulation, he found there ready to receive him the Earl of
Warwick, the man to whom he had given the nickname of the Black Dog of
Ardenne. The earl was at the head of a large force. He immediately
took Gaveston into custody, and galloped off with him at the head of
his troop to his own castle. The engraving represents a view of this
fortress as it appeared in those days.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Consultation respecting him.</div>
<p>When they had got Gaveston safe into this castle, the chiefs held a
sort of council of war to determine what should be done with their
prisoner. While they were consulting on the subject, intending
apparently to spare his life as they had agreed, some one called out,</p>
<p>"It has cost you a great deal of trouble to catch the fox, and now, if
you let him go, you will have a great deal more trouble in hunting him
again."</p>
<div class="sidenote">His fate.</div>
<p>This consideration decided them; so they took the terrified prisoner,
and, in spite of his piteous cries for mercy, they hurried him away to
a solitary place a mile or two from the castle, and there, on a little
knoll by the side of the road, they cut off his head.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i056.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="500" height-obs="299" alt="WARWICK CASTLE." title="" /> <span class="caption">WARWICK CASTLE.</span></div>
<div class="sidenote2">The Spencers.<br/>The queen and Mortimer.</div>
<p>One would have supposed that by this time the king would have been
cured of the folly of <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></SPAN></span>devoting himself to favorites, but he was not. He mourned over the
death of Gaveston at first with bitter grief, and when this first
paroxysm of his sorrow was passed, it was succeeded with a still more
bitter spirit of revenge. He immediately took the field against his
rebellious barons, and a furious civil war ensued. He soon, too, found
a new favorite, or, rather, two favorites. They were brothers, and
their names were Spencer. They are called in history the Spencers, or
the Despensers. The quarrels and wars which took place between the
king and these favorites on one hand, and the barons and nobles on the
other, were continued for many years. The queen took sides with the
nobles against her husband and the Spencers. She fled to France, and
there formed an intimacy with a young nobleman named Mortimer, who
joined himself to her, and thenceforth accompanied her and made common
cause with her against her husband. With this Mortimer she raised an
army, and, sailing from Flanders, she landed in England. On landing,
she summoned the barons to join her, and took the field against her
husband. The king was beaten in this war, and fled again on board a
vessel, intending to make his escape by sea. The two Spencers, one
after the other, were taken prisoners,<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></SPAN></span> and both were hung on gibbets
fifty feet high. They were hung in their armor, and after they were
dead their bodies were taken down and treated as it was customary to
treat the bodies of traitors.<SPAN name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></SPAN><SPAN href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</SPAN></p>
<div class="sidenote">Edward III. proclaimed king.</div>
<p>In the midst of these proceedings the barons held a sort of
Parliament, and made a solemn declaration that the king, by his
flight, had abdicated the throne, and they proclaimed his son, the
young Prince of Wales, then about fourteen years old, king, under the
title of Edward the Third. In the mean time, the king himself, who had
attempted to make his escape by sea, was tossed about in a storm for
some days, until at last he was driven on the coast in South Wales. He
concealed himself for some days in the mountains. Here he was hunted
about for a time, until he was reduced to despair by his destitution
and his sufferings, when at length he came forth and delivered himself
up to his enemies.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i060.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="500" height-obs="261" alt="KENILWORTH CASTLE." title="" /> <span class="caption">KENILWORTH CASTLE.</span></div>
<div class="sidenote2">Edward II. made prisoner.</div>
<p>He was made prisoner and immediately sent to Kenilworth Castle, and
there secured. Afterward <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></SPAN></span>he was brought to trial. He was accused of shameful indolence and
incapacity, and also of cowardice, cruelty, and oppression, and of
having brought the country, by his vices and maladministration, to the
verge of ruin. He was convicted on these charges, and the queen, his
wife, confirmed the verdict.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Edward II. formally deposed at Kenilworth.</div>
<p>Not being quite sure, after all, that by these means the dethronement
of the king was legally complete, the Parliament sent a solemn
deputation to Kenilworth Castle to depose the monarch in form. The
king was brought out to meet this deputation in a great hall of the
castle. He came just as he was, dressed in a simple black gown. The
deputation told him that he was no longer king, that all allegiance
had been withdrawn from him on the part of the people, and that
henceforth he must consider himself as a private man. As they said
this, the steward of the household came forward and broke his white
wand, the badge of his office, in token that the household was
dissolved, and he declared that by that act all the king's servants
were discharged and freed. This was a ceremony that was usually
performed at the death of a king, and it was considered in this case
as completely and finally terminating the reign of Edward.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="sidenote">The delegation require the king to abdicate the crown.</div>
<p>The delegation also exacted from him something which they considered
as a resignation of the crown. His son, the young prince, it was said,
was unwilling to ascend the throne unless the barons could induce his
father voluntarily to abdicate his own rights to it. They were the
more desirous in this case of completely and forever extinguishing all
of King Edward's claims, because they were afraid that there might be
a secret party in his favor, and that that party might gain strength,
and finally come out openly against them in civil war, in which case,
if they were worsted, they knew that they would all be hung as
traitors.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i063.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="259" height-obs="350" alt="A MONK OF THOSE DAYS." title="" /> <span class="caption">A MONK OF THOSE DAYS.</span></div>
<div class="sidenote2">Opinion of the monks.<br/>Alarm of the nobles.<br/>Berkeley Castle.<br/>Plot for assassinating the
king.<br/>Dreadful death.</div>
<p>Indeed, soon after this time it began to appear that there were, in
fact, some persons who were disposed to sympathize with the king. His
queen, Isabel, who had been acting against him during the war, was now
joined with Mortimer, her favorite, and they two held pretty much the
whole control of the government, for the new king was yet too young to
reign. Many of the monks and other ecclesiastics of the time openly
declared that Isabel was guilty of great sin in thus abandoning her
husband for the sake of another man. They said that she ought to leave
Mortimer, and go and join her husband in his prison. And it was not
long before it began to be rumored that secret plots were forming to
attempt the king's deliverance from his enemies. This alarmed the
nobles more than ever. The queen and some others wrote sharp letters
to the keepers of the castle for dealing so gently with their
prisoner, and gave them hints that they ought to kill him. In the end,
the fallen monarch was transported from one fortress to another, until
at length he came <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></SPAN></span>to Berkeley Castle. The inducement which led
Mortimer and the queen to send the king to these different places was
the hope that some one or other of the keepers of the castles would
divine their wishes in regard to him, and put him to death. But no one
did so. The keeper of Berkeley Castle, indeed, instead of putting his
prisoner to death, seemed inclined to take compassion on him, and to
treat him more kindly even than the others had done. Accordingly,
after waiting some time, Mortimer seized an opportunity when Lord
Berkeley, having gone away from home, was detained away some days by
sickness, to send two fierce and abandoned men, named Gourney and
Ogle, to the castle, with instructions to kill the king in some way or
other, but, if possible, in such a manner as to make it appear that he
died a natural death. These men tried various plans without success.
They administered poisons, and resorted to various other diabolical
contrivances. At last, one night, dreadful outcries and groans were
heard coming from the king's apartment. They were accompanied from
time to time with shrieks of terrible agony. These sounds were
continued for some time, and they were heard in all parts of the
castle, and in many of the houses of the town. The truth was, the
executioners whom Mortimer had sent were murdering the king in a manner almost too
horrible to be described.<SPAN name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></SPAN><SPAN href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</SPAN> The people in the castle and in the town
knew very well what these dreadful outcries meant. They were filled
with consternation and horror at the deed, and they spent the time in
praying to God that he would receive the soul of the unhappy victim.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i065.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="500" height-obs="331" alt="BERKELEY CASTLE." title="" /> <span class="caption">BERKELEY CASTLE.</span></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="sidenote">Great hatred of Mortimer.</div>
<p>After this, Mortimer and the queen for two or three years held pretty
nearly supreme power in the realm, though, of course, they governed in
the name of the young king, who was yet only fourteen or fifteen years
of age. There was, however, a great secret hatred of Mortimer among
all the old nobility of the realm. This ill-will ripened at last into
open hostility. A conspiracy was formed to destroy Mortimer, and to
depose the queen-mother from her power, and to place young Edward in
possession of the <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></SPAN></span>kingdom. Mortimer discovered what was going on, and
he went for safety, with Edward and the queen, to the castle of
Nottingham, where he shut himself up, and placed a strong guard at the
gates and on the walls.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Situation of the castle of Nottingham.<br/>The caves.</div>
<p>This castle of Nottingham was situated upon a hill, on the side of
which was a range of excavations which had been made in a chalky stone
by some sort of quarrying. There was a subterranean passage from the
interior of one of these caves which led to the castle. The castle
itself was strongly guarded, and every night Isabel required the
warden, on locking the gates, to bring the keys to her, and she kept
them by her bedside. The governor of the castle, however, made an
agreement with Lord Montacute, who was the leader in the conspiracy
against Mortimer, to admit him to the castle at night through the
subterranean passage. It seems that Mortimer and the queen did not
know of the existence of this communication. They did not even know
about the caves, for the mouths of them were at that time concealed by
rubbish and brambles.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i069.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="500" height-obs="339" alt="CAVES IN THE HILL-SIDE AT NOTTINGHAM CASTLE." title="" /> <span class="caption">CAVES IN THE HILL-SIDE AT NOTTINGHAM CASTLE.</span></div>
<div class="sidenote2">Entrance of the conspirators into the castle.</div>
<p>It was near midnight when Montacute and the party who went with him
entered the passage. They crowded their way through the bushes and
brambles till they found the entrance of <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></SPAN></span>the cave, and then went in. They were all completely armed, and they
carried torches to light their way. They crept along the gloomy
passage-way until at last they reached the door which led up into the
interior of the castle. Here the governor was ready to let them in. As
soon as they entered, they were joined by young Edward at the foot of
the main tower. They left their torches here, and Edward led them up a
secret staircase to a dark chamber. They crept softly into this room
and listened. They could hear in an adjoining hall the voices of
Mortimer and several of his adherents, who were holding a
consultation. They waited a few minutes, and then, making a rush into
the passage-way which led to the hall, they killed two knights who
were on sentry there to guard the door, and, immediately bursting into
the apartment, made Mortimer and all his friends prisoners.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Isabella's unhappy fate.</div>
<p>The queen, who was in her bed in an adjoining room at this time,
rushed frantically out when she heard the noise of the affray, and,
with piteous entreaties and many tears, she begged and prayed Edward,
her "sweet son," as she called him, to spare the gentle Mortimer, "her
dearest friend, her well-beloved cousin." The conspirators did spare
him at that time; <span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></SPAN></span>they took him prisoner, and bore him away to a
place of safety. He was soon afterward brought to trial on a charge of
treason, and hanged. Isabel was deprived of all her property, and shut
up in a castle as a prisoner of state. In this castle she afterward
lived nearly thirty years, in lonely misery, and then died.</p>
<div class="sidenote">Mortimer's Hole.</div>
<p>The adjoining engraving represents a near view of the subterranean
passage by which Lord Montacute and his party gained admission to the
castle of Nottingham. It is known in modern times as <span class="smcap">Mortimer's Hole</span>.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/i073.jpg" class="smallgap" width-obs="500" height-obs="383" alt="MORTIMER'S HOLE." title="" /> <span class="caption">MORTIMER'S HOLE.</span></div>
<hr class="large" /><p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></SPAN></span></p>
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