<h3> PREFACE </h3>
<p>The Letters contained in this little Volume embrace some of the most
important points of the science of Chemistry, in their application
to Natural Philosophy, Physiology, Agriculture, and Commerce. Some
of them treat of subjects which have already been, or will hereafter
be, more fully discussed in my larger works. They were intended to
be mere sketches, and were written for the especial purpose of
exciting the attention of governments, and an enlightened public, to
the necessity of establishing Schools of Chemistry, and of
promoting, by every means, the study of a science so intimately
connected with the arts, pursuits, and social well-being of modern
civilised nations.</p>
<p>For my own part I do not scruple to avow the conviction, that ere
long, a knowledge of the principal truths of Chemistry will be
expected in every educated man, and that it will be as necessary to
the Statesman, the Political Economist, and the Practical
Agriculturist, as it is already indispensable to the Physician, and
the Manufacturer.</p>
<p>In Germany, such of these Letters as have been already published,
have not failed to produce some of the results anticipated. New
professorships have been established in the Universities of
Goettingen and Wuertzburg, for the express purpose of facilitating
the application of chemical truths to the practical arts of life,
and of following up the new line of investigation and research—the
bearing of Chemistry upon Physiology, Medicine, and Agriculture,—which
may be said to be only just begun.</p>
<p>My friend, Dr. Ernest Dieffenbach, one of my first pupils, who is
well acquainted with all the branches of Chemistry, Physics, Natural
History, and Medicine, suggested to me that a collection of these
Letters would be acceptable to the English public, which has so
favourably received my former works.</p>
<p>I readily acquiesced in the publication of an English edition, and
undertook to write a few additional Letters, which should embrace
some conclusions I have arrived at, in my recent investigations, in
connection with the application of chemical science to the
physiology of plants and agriculture.</p>
<p>My esteemed friend, Dr. Gardner, has had the kindness to revise the
manuscript and the proof sheets for publication, for which I cannot
refrain expressing my best thanks.</p>
<p>It only remains for me to add a hope, that this little offering may
serve to make new friends to our beautiful and useful science, and
be a remembrancer to those old friends who have, for many years
past, taken a lively interest in all my labours.</p>
<P CLASS="noindent">
JUSTUS LIEBIG
<br/>
Giessen, Aug. 1843.</p>
<br/><br/><br/>
<h2> CONTENTS </h2>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap01">LETTER I</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
The Subject proposed. Materials employed for Chemical Apparatus:—
GLASS—CAOUTCHOUC—CORK—PLATINUM. THE BALANCE. The "Elements" of
the Ancients, represent the forms of matter. Lavoisier and his
successors. Study of the materials composing the Earth. Synthetic
production of Minerals—LAPIS LAZULI. Organic Chemistry.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap02">LETTER II</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
Changes of Form which every kind of Matter undergoes. Conversion of
Gases into Liquids and Solids. Carbonic Acid—its curious properties
in a solid state. Condensation of Gases by porous bodies. By Spongy
Platinum. Importance of this property in Nature.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap03">LETTER III</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
The Manufacture of Soda from Culinary Salt; its importance in the
Arts and in Commerce. Glass—Soap—Sulphuric Acid. Silver Refining.
Bleaching. TRADE IN SULPHUR.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap04">LETTER IV</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
Connection of Theory with Practice. Employment of MAGNETISM as a
moving power—its impracticability. Relation of Coals and Zinc as
economic sources of Force. Manufacture of Beet-root Sugar—its
impolicy. Gas for illumination.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap05">LETTER V</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
ISOMERISM, or identity of composition in bodies with different
chemical and physical properties. CRYSTALLISATION. AMORPHISM.
ISOMORPHISM, or similarity of properties in bodies totally different
in composition.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap06">LETTER VI</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
ALLIANCE OF CHEMISTRY WITH PHYSIOLOGY. Division of Food into
nourishment, and materials for combustion. Effects of Atmospheric
Oxygen. Balance of CARBON and OXYGEN.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap07">LETTER VII</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
ANIMAL HEAT, its laws and influence on the Animal Functions. Loss
and SUPPLY. Influence of Climate. Fuel of Animal Heat. Agency of
Oxygen in Disease. Respiration.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap08">LETTER VIII</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
ALIMENTS. Constituents of the Blood. Fibrine, Albumen. Inorganic
Substances. Isomerism of Fibrine, Albumen, and elements of
nutrition. Relation of animal and vegetable organisms.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap09">LETTER IX</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
Growth of Animals. Uses of Butter and Milk. Metamorphoses of
Tissues. Food of Carnivora, and of the Horse.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap10">LETTER X</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
Application of the preceding facts to Man. Division of human Food.
Uses of Gelatine.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap11">LETTER XI</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
CIRCULATION OF MATTER IN THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE KINGDOMS. The
Ocean. AGRICULTURE. RESTITUTION OF AN EQUILIBRIUM IN THE SOIL.
Causes of the exhaustion of Land. Virginia. England. Relief gained
by importation of bones. Empirical farming unsatisfactory. Necessity
for scientific principles. Influence of the atmosphere. Of Saline
and Earthy matters of the soil.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap12">LETTER XII</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
SCIENCE AND ART OF AGRICULTURE. NECESSITY OF CHEMISTRY. Rationale of
agricultural processes. Washing for gold.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap13">LETTER XIII</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
ILLUSTRATION OF THE NECESSITY OF CHEMISTRY TO ADVANCE AND PERFECT
AGRICULTURE. Manner in which FALLOW ameliorates the soil. Uses of
Lime. Effects of Burning. Of Marl.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap14">LETTER XIV</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
NATURE AND EFFECTS OF MANURES. Animal bodies subject to constant
waste. Parts separating—exuviae—waste vegetable matters—together
contain all the elements of the soil and of food. Various value of
excrements of different animals as manure.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap15">LETTER XV</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
SOURCE OF THE CARBON AND NITROGEN OF PLANTS. Produce of Carbon in
Forests and Meadows supplied only with mineral aliments prove it to
be from the atmosphere. Relations between Mineral constituents, and
Carbon and Nitrogen. Effects of the Carbonic Acid and Ammonia of
Manures. Necessity of inorganic constituents to the formation of
aliments, of blood, and therefore of nutrition. NECESSITY OF
INQUIRIES by ANALYSIS to advance AGRICULTURE.</p>
<br/>
<h3> <SPAN HREF="#chap16">LETTER XVI</SPAN> </h3>
<P CLASS="intro">
RESULTS OF THE AUTHOR'S LATEST INQUIRIES. Superlative importance of
the PHOSPHATES OF LIME and ALKALIES to the cultivation of the
CEREALIA. Sources of a SUPPLY of these MATERIALS.</p>
<br/><br/><br/>
<h1> LETTERS ON CHEMISTRY </h1>
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