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Studies About Trees

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<SPAN name="startofbook"></SPAN> <div class="illustration" id="frontispiece-box"> <SPAN name="frontispiece" name="frontispiece"></SPAN> <div class="frontispiece-label">Frontispiece.</div> <ANTIMG src="images/frontis.jpg" width-obs="571" height-obs="587" alt="[Illustration] [Transcriber’s note: Two fellows observe a tree.]" title="" class="illustration" id="frontispiece-img" /></div> <blockquote class="epigraph"> <div class="stanza"> “Come forth into the light of things,<br/> Let Nature be your Teacher.”</div> <div class="bq-credit">—Wordsworth.</div> </blockquote> <div class="title">Studies of Trees</div> <div class="authorship"> by<br/> <span class="author">J. J. Levison, M.F.</span><br/> <span class="position">Lecturer on Ornamental and Shade Trees, Yale University Forest School;</span><br/> <span class="position">Forester to the Department of Parks, Brooklyn, N. Y.</span></div> <div class="edition"> First Edition</div> <div class="batch"> First Thousand</div> <div class="date-of-publication"> 1914</div> <h1><SPAN name="v" name="v"></SPAN><span title="v" class="page"></span><SPAN name="preface" name="preface">Preface</SPAN></h1> <p>In presenting this volume, the author is aware that there are several excellent books, dealing with one phase or another of tree life, already before the public. It is believed, however, that there is still need for an all-round book, adapted to the beginner, which gives in a brief and not too technical way the most important facts concerning the identification, structure and uses of our more common trees, and which considers their habits, enemies and care both when growing alone and when growing in groups or forests.</p> <p>In the chapters on the identification of trees, the aim has been to bring before the student only such characters and facts as shall help him to distinguish the tree readily during all seasons of the year. Special stress is laid in each case on the most striking peculiarities. Possible confusion with other trees of similar appearance is prevented as far as possible through comparisons with trees of like form or habit.</p> <p>Only such information is given concerning the structure and requirements of trees as will enable the reader better to understand the subsequent chapters. In the second half of the book, practical application is made of the student’s general knowledge thus acquired, and he is acquainted with the fundamental principles of planting, care, forestry, wood identification and nature study.</p> <p>The author recognizes the vastness of the field he is attempting to cover and the impossibility of even touching, <SPAN name="vi" name="vi"></SPAN><span title="vi" class="page"></span> in a small hand-book of this character, on every phase of tree study. He presumes no further; yet he hopes that by adhering to what is salient and by eliminating the less important, though possibly interesting, facts, he is able to offer a general and elementary <em>résumé</em> of the whole subject of value to students, private owners, farmers and teachers.</p> <p>In the preparation of <SPAN href="#ch_viii" class="link">Chapter VIII</SPAN> on “Our Common Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses,” considerable aid has been received from Prof. Samuel J. Record, author of “Economic Woods of the United States.” Acknowledgment is also due to the U. S. Forest Service for the photographs used in Figs. <SPAN href="#fig18" class="link">18</SPAN>, <SPAN href="#fig122" class="link">122</SPAN> to <SPAN href="#fig138" class="link">138</SPAN> inclusive and <SPAN href="#fig142" class="link">142</SPAN>; to Dr. George B. Sudworth, Dendrologist of the U. S. Forest Service, for checking up the nomenclature in the lists of trees under <SPAN href="#ch_v" class="link">Chapter V</SPAN>; to Dr. E. P. Felt, Entomologist of the State of New York, for suggestions in the preparation of the section of the book relating to insects; to Dr. W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director of the New York Botanical Gardens, for <SPAN href="#fig108" class="link">Fig. 108</SPAN>; and to Mr. Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Forester of the New York Zoological Park, for Figs. <SPAN href="#fig26" class="link">26</SPAN>, <SPAN href="#fig59" class="link">59</SPAN> and <SPAN href="#fig60" class="link">60</SPAN>.</p> <div class="preface-author">J. J. Levison.</div>  <div id="pad-1"> </div> <div class="setting"> <div class="place">Brooklyn, N. Y.</div> <div class="time">June, 1914.</div> </div> <h1><SPAN name="vii" name="vii"></SPAN><span title="vii" class="page"></span><SPAN name="contents" name="contents">Contents</SPAN></h1> <ol class="contents"> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter I</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_i" class="link">How To Identify Trees</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_i-i" class="link">The Pines</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_i-ii" class="link">The Spruce and Hemlock</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_i-iii" class="link">The Red Cedar and Arbor-Vitae</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter II</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_ii" class="link">How To Identify Trees (Continued)</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_ii-i" class="link">The Larch and Cypress</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_ii-ii" class="link">The Horsechestnut, Ash, and Maple</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_ii-iii" class="link">Trees Told by their Form</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_ii-iv" class="link">Trees Told by their Bark or Trunk</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_ii-v" class="link">The Oaks and Chestnut</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter III</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_iii" class="link">How To Identify Trees (Continued)</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_iii-i" class="link">The Hickories, Walnut, and Butternut</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_iii-ii" class="link">Tulip Tree, Sweet Gum, Linden, Magnolia, Locust, Catalpa, Dogwood, Mulberry, and Osage Orange</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter IV</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_iv" class="link">The Structure And Requirements Of Trees</SPAN></div> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch"><SPAN name="viii" name="viii"></SPAN><span title="viii" class="page"></span>Chapter V</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_v" class="link">What Trees To Plant And How</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_v-i" class="link">Trees for the Lawn</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_v-ii" class="link">Trees for the Street</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_v-iii" class="link">Trees for Woodland</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_v-iv" class="link">Trees for Screening</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter VI</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_vi" class="link">The Care Of Trees</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vi-i" class="link">Insects Injurious to Trees and How to Combat Them</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vi-ii" class="link">Important Insects</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vi-iii" class="link">Tree Diseases</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vi-iv" class="link">Pruning Trees</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vi-v" class="link">Tree Repair</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter VII</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_vii" class="link">Forestry</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vii-i" class="link">What Forestry Is and What It Does</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_vii-ii" class="link">Care of the Woodland</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter VIII</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_viii" class="link">Our Common Woods: Their Identification, Properties And Uses</SPAN></div> </li> <li> <ol class="chapter-subjects"> <li><SPAN href="#ch_viii-i" class="link">Woods Without Pores (Soft woods)</SPAN></li> <li><SPAN href="#ch_viii-ii" class="link">Woods with Pores (Hard woods)</SPAN></li> </ol> </li> <li><div class="contents-ch">Chapter IX</div> <div class="contents-ch-title"><SPAN href="#ch_ix" class="link">An Outdoor Lesson On Trees</SPAN></div> </li> </ol> <h1><SPAN name="ix" name="ix"></SPAN><span title="ix" class="page"></span><SPAN name="introduction" class="introduction">Introduction</SPAN></h1> <p>A good many popular books on trees have been published in the United States in recent years. The continually increasing demand for books of this character indicates the growing public interest not only in the trees that we pass in our daily walks, but also in the forest considered as a community of trees, because of its æsthetic and protective value and its usefulness as a source of important economic products.</p> <p>As a nation, we are thinking more about trees and woods than we were wont to do in the years gone by. We are growing to love the trees and forests as we turn more and more to outdoor life for recreation and sport. In our ramblings along shady streets, through grassy parks, over wooded valleys, and in mountain wildernesses we find that much more than formerly we are asking ourselves what are these trees, what are the leaf, flower, twig, wood and habit characteristics which distinguish them from other trees; how large do they grow; under what conditions of soil and climate do they thrive best; what are their enemies and how can they be overcome; what is their value for wood and other useful products; what is their protective value; are they useful for planting along streets and in parks and in regenerating forests; how can the trees of our streets and lawns be preserved and repaired as they begin to fail from old age <SPAN name="x" name="x"></SPAN><span title="x" class="page"></span> or other causes? All these questions and many more relating to the important native and exotic trees commonly found in the states east of the Great Lakes and north of Maryland Mr. Levison has briefly answered in this book. The author’s training as a forester and his experience as a professional arboriculturist has peculiarly fitted him to speak in an authoritative and interesting way about trees and woods.</p> <p>The value of this book is not in new knowledge, but in the simple statement of the most important facts relating to some of our common trees, individually and collectively considered. A knowledge of trees and forests adds vastly to the pleasures of outdoor life. The more we study trees and the more intimate our knowledge of the forest as a unit of vegetation in which each tree, each flower, each animal and insect has its part to play in the complete structure, the greater will be our admiration of the wonderful beauty and variety exhibited in the trees and woods about us.</p> <div class="introduction-author"> J. W. Toumey,<br/> <span class="position">Director, Yale University Forest School.</span></div>  <div id="pad-2"> </div> <div class="setting"> <div class="place">New Haven, Conn.,</div> <div class="time">June, 1914.</div> </div> <div class="title-reiteration"><SPAN name="p1" name="p1"></SPAN><span title="1" class="page"></span>Studies of Trees</div> <div style="break-after:column;"></div><br />

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